外交学院
- According to Ferdinand de Saussure, language does not reflect a pre-existing social reality, but constitutes, brings a framework to, that reality for us. ( )
- Social constructionism insists that we take a critical stance towards our taken-for-granted ways of understanding the world (including ourselves). ( )
- According to Thomas Kuhn, scientific revolution is not progressive, in the sense of arriving ever closer to the truth; rather, we shift horizontally, from one paradigm to another. ( )
- From a social constructionist standpoint, some news reports are nearer the truth than others. ( )
- Because people’s speech and writing are oriented to different functions, they will be highly variable. ( )
- The social constructionist view of the relationship between language and the person holds that the person cannot pre-date language and that the person is constructed through language. ( )
- Social constructionism believes that our knowledge of the world is sustained by social processes. ( )
- Social constructionism upholds that the ways in which we commonly understand the world, the categories and concepts we use, are historically and culturally specific. ( )
- For John Austin, some sentences or utterances are important not because they describe things but because of what they do. ( )
- From a social constructionist perspective, discourses are simply abstract ideas. ( )
- Thomas Kuhn’s idea of paradigm bids us to draw the conclusion that scientific knowledge is so much hot air and that we should disregard the outcomes of science. ( )
- Understandings or descriptions of the world sustain some patterns of social action and exclude others. ( )
- From the perspective of social constructionism, the things people say and write are a route of access to a person’s private world. ( )
- According to Michel Foucault, the power to act in particular ways, to claim resources, to control or be controlled depends upon the “knowledges” currently prevailing in a society. ( )
- Discourse analysis aims to reveal the objective nature of a phenomenon by using some objective scientific method and claim truthfulness for the findings. ( )
- From a social constructionist perspective, the discourses that form our identity are intimately tied to the structures and practices that are lived out in society from day to day. ( )
- From a social constructionist standpoint, there is always an “author” lying behind a text as source and arbiter of a 对 meaning. ( )
- Both structuralism and poststructuralism see language as the prime site of the construction of the person. ( )
- Social constructionists would agree that prevailing discourses are ensured their dominant position for eternity. ( )
- According to Ian Parker’s 1992 book , discourses are static. ( )
- Anything that human beings imbue with social meanings can be “read” as texts and can be analyzed to discover the discourses operating within them. ( )
- Discourses serve to construct the phenomena of our world for us, and different discourses construct these things in different ways, each discourse portraying the object as having a very different “nature” from the next and each discourse claiming to say what the object really is. ( )
- According to Ludwig Wittgenstein, words gain their meaning through the requirements of the language game. ( )
- Some classes of accounts are merely descriptive while others are deliberately constructive. ( )
- When the term “truth” leaps from its grounding in a specific tradition, we confront the possibilities for constriction, conflict, and oppression. ( )
- Discourse analysis aims to reveal how particular accounts of certain people or events are constructed in texts and search for any usefulness that the analysis results might have in bringing about change for those who need it. ( )
- Jacques Derrida suggests that human rationality is in the end both suppressive and empty. ( )
- Social constructionism sees language as having a greatly important role in human life: the very nature of ourselves as people, our thoughts, feelings, and experiences, are all the result of language. ( )
- When social constructionists say “Everything people consider real is socially constructed”, they mean ( ).
- Which of the following statements are 对 about the traditional view of the relationship between language and the person? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about Ferdinand de Saussure’s proposal that the link between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary? ( )
- Humanism is essentialist in that ( ).
- Which of the following statements are 对 about the picture theory of language? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about the relationship between discourses and the actual things that people say or write? ( )
- Which of the following values are often equated with the modernist world-view? ( )
- The poststructuralist view that meaning is never fixed means that ( ).
- Which of the following statements are 对 about discourses according to Ian Parker’s ? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about discourse analyzing the newspaper article? ( )
- The “construction” component of discourse analysis tells us the following things about people’s use of language EXCEPT ( ).
- The basic assumption underlying the view of ( ) is that there is a real, material state of affairs, but people do not recognize this reality because it is obscured by widely accepted ideas and beliefs.
- For John Austin, sentences like “I declare war on the Philippines” and “I name this ship the Titanic” are ( ).
- For Michel Foucault, to exercise power is to ( ).
- The fundamental argument of poststructuralism is that ( ).
- Michel Foucault uses the term ( ) to refer to the particular construction or version of a phenomenon that has received the stamp of “truth” in a society.
- In Ludwig Fleck proposed that in the scientific laboratory, “one must know before one can see”, which meant ( ).
A:对 B:错
答案:对
A:对 B:错
答案:对
A:对 B:错
答案:对
A:错 B:对
答案:错
A:对 B:错
答案:对
A:错 B:对
答案:对
A:错 B:对
答案:对
A:错 B:对
答案:对
A:错 B:对
答案:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:错 B:对
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:错 B:对
A:There is no reality.
B:Nothing is real unless people agree that it is.
C:There is nothing.
D:Whenever people define reality, they are speaking from a particular standpoint.
A:Language is thought of as a bag of labels which we can choose from in trying to describe our internal states (thoughts, feelings, etc.).
B:When people talk about “myself”, their “personality”, or some aspect of their experience, it is assumed that this self, personality, or experience pre-dates and exists independently of the words used to describe it.
C:People and the language they use are essentially independent things.
D:The nature of the person and her or his internal states come first, and the job of language is to find a way of expressing these things to other people.
A:The objects of our mental world exist “out there” ready for us to attach our arbitrary labels to them.
B:The term “arbitrary” implies “accidental” or “random”.
C:The concepts are arbitrary divisions and categorizations of human experience.
D:The words we use to refer to concepts are just a convention.
A:It suggests that people’s experience, their thoughts, feelings, and behavior, the sense they make of social events etc. arise from their personality traits or attitudes.
B:It says that the individual’s experience and the meaning it holds originates within the person, in her or his essential nature.
C:It proposes that language is the fount of the meaning of experience.
D:It assumes that there is an essence at the core of an individual which is unique, coherent, and unchanging.
A:It is important to our traditional understanding of truth.
B:Our experience mirrors the world and effective language should communicate to others the picture in our minds.
C:It is coupled with the idea that we first experience the world, and then try to put the experience into words.
D:What we take to be 对 about the world is born of relationships.
A:The things that people say and write are dependent for their meaning upon the discursive context in which they appear.
B:Discourses and the things that people say and write are the same thing.
C:The things that people say and write belong to particular discourses.
D:Discourses “show up” in the things that people say and write.
A:order
B:objectivity
C:scientific truth
D:reason
A:Language is a site of variability, disagreement, and potential conflict.
B:The meaning of a term, a passage in a book, or a question addressed to us is always open to question.
C:Words, sentences, poems, books, jokes, and so on change their meaning over time, from context to context and from person to person.
D:Talk, writing, and social encounters are sites of struggle and conflict, where power relations are acted out and contested.
A:Discourses and texts are the same thing.
B:Discourses reproduce power relations.
C:Discourses have ideological effects.
D:Discourses support institutions.
A:We need to pay close attention to the way the article differs from other articles on the same topic and note that these differences can be explained in terms of function.
B:We need to investigate how the article reflects the journalist’s opinion or attitude.
C:We need to study the construction and function of the article, working from the detail of its language use to some conclusions about the function it might be serving.
D:The article itself is the primary reading focus.
A:Accounts of events are manufactured out of a variety of pre-existing linguistic resources with properties of their own.
B:Language use has practical consequences.
C:People’s accounts are always consciously constructed.
D:Out of the many available linguistic resources, some resources are included in people’s accounts, some omitted.
A:ideology as dilemmatic
B:ideology as knowledge in the service of power
C:ideology as 错 consciousness
D:ideology as lived experience
A:statements
B:declarations
C:imperative sentences
D:performatives
A:force others to do the things you want
B:have access to sought-after resources, such as money, leisure time, rewarding jobs, etc.
C:define the world or a person in a way that allows you to do the things you want
D:have the capacity to have some effect on the world
A:The meanings carried by language are never fixed, always open to question, always contestible, and always temporary.
B:The “fixed” relationship between words and meanings explains how all the users of a particular language are able to talk to each other.
C:The same word always has the same meaning.
D:Once words become attached to particular meanings, they are “fixed” in that relationship.
A:“text”
B:“discourse”
C:“power”
D:“knowledge”
A:One must participate in the assumptions of a social group before he or she can know what to look for.
B:When one knows something about an object, one can see it better.
C:One must have a lot of accumulated knowledge before one can observe accurately.
D:When we single out a phenomenon and define it in a certain way, we create the world in which we live.
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