- Michel Foucault sees the emergence and rise to prominence of particular discourses or knowledges as the result of intentional machinations by powerful groups. ( )
- According to Michel Foucault, the power to act in particular ways, to claim resources, to control or be controlled depends upon the “knowledges” currently prevailing in a society. ( )
- Discourse analysis aims to reveal the objective nature of a phenomenon by using some objective scientific method and claim truthfulness for the findings. ( )
- Structuralist theories in the social sciences and humanities postulate that there are “hidden” structures or rules underlying the surface features of the world and that the truth about the world could be revealed by analyzing these underlying structures. ( )
- Thomas Kuhn’s 1962 work represented a frontal challenge to the longstanding presumption that scientific knowledge is progressive. ( )
- For Michel Foucault, power and resistance are two sides of the same coin. ( )
- According to Ian Parker’s 1992 book , discourses are static. ( )
- Which of the following are texts? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about the social constructionist view that the person cannot pre-date language and that the person is constructed through language? ( )
- Discourses are located inside particular people. ( )
- Discourse analysis aims to reveal how particular accounts of certain people or events are constructed in texts and search for any usefulness that the analysis results might have in bringing about change for those who need it. ( )
- Surrounding any one object, event, person, etc., there may be a variety of different discourses, each with a different story to tell about the object in question, a different way of representing it to the world. ( )
- Social constructionism proposes that discourses simply “map on to” particular political arrangements. ( )
- From a social constructionist perspective, the discourses that form our identity are intimately tied to the structures and practices that are lived out in society from day to day. ( )
- From the social constructionist standpoint, for any state of affairs a potentially unlimited number of descriptions and explanations are possible. ( )
- Social constructionism insists that we take a critical stance towards our taken-for-granted ways of understanding the world (including ourselves). ( )
- From a social constructionist perspective, discourses are simply abstract ideas. ( )
- Anything that can be “read” for meaning can be thought of as being a manifestation of one or more discourses and can be referred to as a “text”. ( )
- Thomas Kuhn’s idea of paradigm bids us to draw the conclusion that scientific knowledge is so much hot air and that we should disregard the outcomes of science. ( )
- A discourse refers to a set of meanings, metaphors, representations, images, stories, statements and so on that in some way together produce a particular version of objects, events, or people. ( )
- Ideological critics would agree that sciences are immune to ideological critique. ( )
- Social constructionists believe that when we say that a certain description is “accurate” or “对” we are judging it according to how well it pictures the world. ( )
- In , Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann proposed that the scientist’s private experience of the world can be traced to the social sphere. ( )
- Pieces of speech or writing can be said to belong to the same discourse to the extent that they are painting the same general picture of the object in question. ( )
- Social constructionism believes that our knowledge of the world is sustained by social processes. ( )
- According to Thomas Kuhn, scientific revolution is not progressive, in the sense of arriving ever closer to the truth; rather, we shift horizontally, from one paradigm to another. ( )
- The poststructuralist view that meaning is never fixed means that ( ).
- Which of the following statements are 对 about discourse analyzing the newspaper article? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about critical reflexivity? ( )
- Which of the following values are often equated with the modernist world-view? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about the picture theory of language? ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about the traditional view of the relationship between language and the person? ( )
- Michel Foucault uses the term ( ) to refer to the particular construction or version of a phenomenon that has received the stamp of “truth” in a society.
- The fundamental argument of poststructuralism is that ( ).
- ( ) refers to the idea that the person is a unified, coherent, and rational agent who is the author of his or her own experience and its meaning.
- For Michel Foucault, knowledge, the particular common-sense view of the world prevailing in a culture at any one time, is intimately bound up with ( ).
- Postmodernism as an intellectual movement represents a questioning of and rejection of the fundamental assumptions of ( ).
- Which of the following scholar makes a distinction between the signifier and the signified? ( )
- A discourse refers to a particular picture that is painted of an object, event, or person, a particular way of representing it in a certain light. ( )
- Postmodernism rejects both the idea that there can be an ultimate truth and the idea that the world as we see it is the result of hidden structures. ( )
- Social constructionism upholds that the ways in which we commonly understand the world, the categories and concepts we use, are historically and culturally specific. ( )
- According to Ferdinand de Saussure, the meaning of a sign resides not intrinsically in that sign itself, but in its relationship to other signs. ( )
- Jacques Derrida suggests that human rationality is in the end both suppressive and empty. ( )
- Ferdinand de Saussure proposes that the relationship between signifiers and signifieds is ultimately arbitrary. ( )
- Discourses simply describe the social world. ( )
- Social constructionists would agree that prevailing discourses are ensured their dominant position for eternity. ( )
- Discourse analysis attempts to discover whether a text is an accurate or truthful account of the people or events described in it. ( )
- Social constructionism insists that language is constantly changing and varied in its meanings. ( )
- Anything that human beings imbue with social meanings can be “read” as texts and can be analyzed to discover the discourses operating within them. ( )
- Some classes of accounts are merely descriptive while others are deliberately constructive. ( )
- Because people’s speech and writing are oriented to different functions, they will be highly variable. ( )
- Social constructionism suggests that representations of people can serve to support power inequalities between them, while passing off such inequalities as fair or somehow natural. ( )
- When the term “truth” leaps from its grounding in a specific tradition, we confront the possibilities for constriction, conflict, and oppression. ( )
- According to Nelson Phillips and Cynthia Hardy, discourse analysis is interested in ascertaining the constructive effects of discourse through the structured and systematic study of texts. ( )
- Discourses serve to construct the phenomena of our world for us, and different discourses construct these things in different ways, each discourse portraying the object as having a very different “nature” from the next and each discourse claiming to say what the object really is. ( )
- Ferdinand de Saussure proposes that once a signifier becomes attached to a signified, this relationship, though arbitrary, becomes fixed. ( )
- Social constructionism sees language as having a greatly important role in human life: the very nature of ourselves as people, our thoughts, feelings, and experiences, are all the result of language. ( )
- The difference in the way people approach the world is rooted in their social relationships. ( )
- For John Austin, some sentences or utterances are important not because they describe things but because of what they do. ( )
- The social constructionist view of the relationship between language and the person holds that the person cannot pre-date language and that the person is constructed through language. ( )
- According to Ferdinand de Saussure, language does not reflect a pre-existing social reality, but constitutes, brings a framework to, that reality for us. ( )
- From the perspective of social constructionism, the things people say and write are a route of access to a person’s private world. ( )
- Understandings or descriptions of the world sustain some patterns of social action and exclude others. ( )
- From a social constructionist standpoint, there is always an “author” lying behind a text as source and arbiter of a 对 meaning. ( )
- According to Ludwig Wittgenstein, words gain their meaning through the requirements of the language game. ( )
- Discourse analysis is intuitive, subjective, and interpretative in style. ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 about Peter Winch’s idea that theoretical propositions are “constitutive of the phenomena” of the social science? ( )
- Humanism is essentialist in that ( ).
- The three dimensions in Nelson Phillips and Cynthia Hardy’s approach to the study of discourse include ( ).
- Which of the following statements are 对 about discourses according to Ian Parker’s ? ( )
- When social constructionists say “Everything people consider real is socially constructed”, they mean ( ).
- According to Jacques Derrida, the relationship of each term to other terms in a language is made up of two components, including ( ).
- Which of the following statements are 对 about Thomas Kuhn’s conception of “paradigm”? ( )
- Which of the following statements are central proposals in Karl Mannheim’s ? ( )
- The points upon which structuralism and poststructuralism appear to be in agreement include ( ).
- The things that people say or write can be thought of as ( ).
- For Michel Foucault, to exercise power is to ( ).
- In Ludwig Fleck proposed that in the scientific laboratory, “one must know before one can see”, which meant ( ).
- From the perspective of social constructionism, the things people say and write are manifestations of ( ).
- The “construction” component of discourse analysis tells us the following things about people’s use of language EXCEPT ( ).
- For John Austin, sentences like “I declare war on the Philippines” and “I name this ship the Titanic” are ( ).
- According to the social constructionist understanding of the person, the things people say issue from ( ).
- According to social constructionism, our knowledge of the world comes from ( ).
- Which of the following themes do statements such as “Covid-19 didn’t matter much if it was a scourge only among the old.” and “old people ‘less worthy of the best efforts to contain it [Covid-19]’” instantiate? ( )
- The phrase “train wreck” in the sentence “I met an 87-year-old with heart, kidney, spine, blood and joint disease — the sort of patient some doctors refer to as a ‘train wreck’” means ( ).
- The word “scourge” in the sentence “The words seemed to suggest that Covid-19 didn’t matter much if it was a scourge only among the old.” means ( ).
- The object that is being constructed in the article “‘Covid-19 Kills Only Old People.’ Only?” is ( ).
- Which of the following discourses are operating in the article “‘Covid-19 Kills Only Old People.’ Only?” ( )
- Language uses of a text yield clues as to the discourses that are operating through them, and eventually discourses will be abstracted from these language uses. ( )
- The three major components of discourse analysis suggested in Potter and Wetherell (1987) tell us that ( ).
- Potter and Wetherell (1987) suggest that discourse analysis has three major components, including ( ).
- The guiding principles for discourse analysis include ( ).
- According to Phillips and Hardy (2002), discourse analysis is interested in ascertaining the constructive effects of discourse through the structured and systematic study of texts. ( )
- Which of the following statements are 对 according to Michel Foucault’s conception of knowledge? ( )
- According to Michel Foucault, the way that western societies are managed and controlled has been shifted away from sovereign power towards ( ), in which people are disciplined and controlled by freely subjecting themselves to the scrutiny of experts and to their own self-scrutiny.
- Michel Foucault believes that to define the world or a person in a way that allows you to do the things you want is to exercise power. ( )
- Which of the following tries to trace back to uncover the conditions which allowed a certain discourse or knowledge to emerge into a culture? ( )
- ( ) refer to the mechanisms by which people are manipulated and controlled by ideology, such as schools, the church, the media, the family and so on.
- Discourses are intimately connected to the way that society is organized and run. ( )
- ( ) refers to a set of meanings, metaphors, representations, images, stories, statements and so on that in some way together produce a particular version of objects, events, or people.
- What are the criteria for identifying discourses set out by Ian Parker in his 1992 book ? ( )
- From a discourse perspective, when we read a newspaper article we need to ( ).
- Discourses show up in texts, and texts are dependent for their meaning upon the discursive context in which they appear. ( )
- Saussure made some important points about signs, including ( ).
- The social constructionist view of language holds that personality or experience cannot pre-date language and that the person is constructed through language. ( )
- In Saussurean linguistics, signs have two parts to them: ( ). The former is a word, a spoken sound, used to refer to a thing, and the latter is the thing referred to.
- Since the meaning of language is shifting, transitory, and contestible, newspaper articles are open to multiple readings. ( )
- The fundamental argument of poststructuralism is that the meanings carried by language are never fixed, always open to question, always contestible, and always temporary. ( )
- All authoritative accounts of the world contain implicit values and are subject to ideological critique. ( )
- Thomas Kuhn proposed in his that our propositions about the world are embedded within ( ), roughly a network of interrelated commitments to a particular theory, conception of a subject matter, and methodological practices.
- Postmodernism rejects the following ideas EXCEPT ( ).
- Which of the following publications are known to contribute significantly to the evolution of our understanding of science as social construction? ( )
- From a deconstructionist perspective, which of the following statements about rationality are 对? ( )
- Social constructionism would agree that the world exists as an object out there for us to observe and understand. ( )
- The social constructionist idea that everything we consider real is socially constructed means that nothing is real or there is no reality. ( )
- Which of the following is NOT included as central assumptions of social constructionism in Gergen (2008)? ( )
- In light of social constructionism, which of the following can be said about news reports? ( )
- The social constructionist tenets outlined in Burr (1995) include ( ).
- Language can construct particular versions of reality and affect the way we think about it. ( )
- Horace Miner’s 1956 article “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” supposedly describes a North American tribe whose daily lives are based on body rituals. ( )
- Language can be used to construct objects, people, and events. In other words, linguistic resources, such as terms, tropes, metaphors, and so on, can be used to manufacture particular accounts of objects, people, and events. ( )
- As a parody of an anthropological report, Horace Miner’s “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” actually concerns the daily life of the American people in the 1950s. ( )
- The Nacirema example shows that ( ).
答案:错
答案:对
答案:错
答案:对
答案:对
答案:对
答案:错
答案:newspaper articles###clothes###films###speeches
答案:In the process of learning to use a language, we come to understand ourselves in terms of the concepts that the words in our language refer to.###Our experience of the world and of our own internal states is undifferentiated and intangible without the framework of language to give it meaning and structure.###The way our language is structured determines the way our experience and consciousness are structured.###Language provides us with a way of structuring our experience of ourselves and the world, and the concepts we use do not pre-date language but are made possible by it.
答案:错
答案:对
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