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Basic Chemistry 基础化学

  1. One edge of a cube is measured and found to be 13 cm. The volume of the cube in m3 is __________.

  2. A:2.2 × 106 B:2.2 × 10-6 C:2.2 × 10-3 D:2.2 × 103 E:2.2
    AI参考:正确答案是B:2.2 × 10-6。题目中给出的是一个立方体的一个边长为13cm,即立方体边长为0.013m。体积 = 边长3,即V=a³=0.013m³。把立方米的符号³写下来就得到0.013³=V,所以V=2.2×10-6m³。因此,答案为B。'
  3. The Ka of hypochlorous acid (HClO) is 3.00 × 10-8 at 25.0 °C. Calculate the pH of a 0.0385 M hypochlorous acid solution.

  4. A:1.41 B:7.52 C:-1.41 D:4.47 E:8.94
    AI参考:正确答案是D:4.47。根据题目给出的信息,已知次氯酸(HClO)的电离常数Ka=3.00×10-8,溶液的浓度为0.0385M,根据pH的计算公式pH=-lg[H+],其中[H+]表示氢离子浓度,可以求出氢离子浓度为10-4.47,即氢离子浓度约为4.47mol/L,因此溶液的pH约为4.47。所以答案为D。'
  5. The acid-dissociation constant for chlorous acid, HClO2, at 25.0 °C is 1.0 × 10-2. Calculate the concentration of H+ if the initial concentration of acid is 0.10 M.

  6. A:3.2 × 10-2 B:2.7 × 10-2 C:1.0 × 10-3 D:1.0 × 10-2 E:3.7 × 10-2
    答案:2.7×10-2
  7. The volume of a sample of gas (2.49 g) was 752 mL at 1.98 atm and 62 °C. The gas is __________.

  8. A:NO2 B:SO2 C:NH3 D:SO3 E:Ne
    答案:NO2
  9. The density of lead is 11.4 g/cm3. The mass of a lead ball with a radius of 0.50 mm is __________ g. (Vsphere = 4πr3/3)

  10. A:4.6 × 10-2 B:4.6 C:6 D:4.6 × 10-5 E:6.0 × 10-3
    答案:6.0×10-3
  11. An aqueous solution of a soluble compound (a nonelectrolyte) is prepared by dissolving 33.2 g of the compound in enough water to form 250 mL of solution. The solution has an osmotic pressure of 1.2 atm at 25.0 °C What is the molar mass (g/mL) of the compound?

  12. A:6.8 × 102 B:1.0 × 103 C:2.3 × 102 D:28 E:2.7 × 103
    答案:水溶液AI参考:正确答案是【E:2.7 × 103】。根据题目描述,该溶液在25℃时的渗透压为1.2atm,即溶液中溶质分子对水的吸引力为1.2个大气压。已知溶质的质量为33.2g,溶液体积为250mL,可计算溶质的摩尔质量,再将其换算成单位为g/mL的摩尔质量值即可得出答案。由公式m = 摩尔质量M = 溶液的质量/溶液的体积,可求出摩尔质量,再乘以溶液的体积得到结果为:M = 33.2g / 0.25L = 132g/L = 2.7 × 103g/mL。因此,答案为E:2.7 × 103。'
  13. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 64.8% C, 13.6% H, and 21.6% O by mass?

  14. A:C5HO2 B:C5H14O1 C:C4H10O1 D:C4HO1 E:C8H20O2
    答案:K2SO3
  15. A fixed amount of gas at 25.0 °C occupies a volume of 10.0 L when the pressure is 629 torr. Use Charles's law to calculate the volume (L) the gas will occupy when the temperature is increased to 121 °C while maintaining the pressure at 629 torr.

  16. A:2.07 B:7.56 C:10.9 D:13.2 E:48.4

  17. On a clear day at sea level, with a temperature of 25 °C, the partial pressure of N2 in air is 0.78 atm and the concentration of nitrogen in water is 5.3 × 10-4 M. When the partial pressure of N2 is __________ atm, the concentration in water is 1.1 × 10-3 M.

  18. A:0.63 atm B:0.78 atm C:1.6 atm D:2.1 atm E:1.0 atm

  19. Colligative properties of solutions include all of the following except __________.

  20. A:depression of the freezing point of a solution upon addition of a solute to a solvent B:elevation of the boiling point of a solution upon addition of a solute to a solvent C:depression of vapor pressure upon addition of a solute to a solvent D:the increase of reaction rates with increase in temperature E:an increase in the osmotic pressure of a solution upon the addition of more solute

  21. Osmium has a density of 22.6 g/cm3. The mass of a block of osmium that measures 1.01 cm × 0.233 cm × 0.648 cm is __________ g.

  22. A:148 B:34.5 C:3.45 D:6.75 × 103 E:6.75 × 10−3
    AI参考:正确选项为D:6.75 × 103。根据题目中的信息,Osnium的密度为22.6 g/cm3,而题目中给出的块状Osnium的尺寸为1.01 cm × 0.233 cm × 0.648 cm,将其转换为立方厘米得到0.101 × 0.233 × 0.648 = 0.0146288立方厘米。由于Osnium的密度已知,因此可以通过密度和体积的关系来计算质量,即质量 = 密度 × 体积。将上述数据带入公式,得到质量 = 22.6 g/cm3 × 0.0146288立方厘米 = 6.75 × 10^3克。所以选项D是正确的。'
  23. A mixture of two gases was allowed to effuse from a container. One of the gases escaped from the container 1.43 times as fast as the other one. The two gases could have been __________.

  24. A:O2 and Cl2 B:Cl2 and SF6 C:CO and SF6 D:CO and CO2 E:O2 and SF6
    AI参考:正确选项为E:O2和SF6。根据题干描述,两个气体混合在一起,其中一个气体从容器中逸出的速度是另一个气体的1.43倍。选项中只有E选项中的氧气(O2)和SF6气体符合这个条件,因为SF6气体是一种已知的、可以快速逸出的气体,而氧气也是常见的一种气体,因此E选项是正确答案。其他选项中的气体与题干描述不符。'
  25. The mass % of Al in aluminum sulfate (Al2 (SO4)3) is __________.

  26. A:15.77 B:21.93 C:45.7 D:35.94 E:7.886
    AI参考:正确答案是D:35.94。铝离子(Al 2(SO4)3)中的铝元素质量分数为35.94%。解析:铝离子是由铝原子失去3个电子形成的,而硫酸根离子是由硫原子和氧原子形成的一个整体,所以铝元素的质量分数是铝原子的质量分数与硫酸根中氧元素的质量分数之和再除以铝离子的相对分子质量,即:铝元素的质量分数 = (2 * 27) / (2 * 27 + 3 * 2 + 32 * 4) = 35.94%所以答案为D。'
  27. How many molecules of CH4 are in 48.2 g of this compound?

  28. A:2.90 × 1025 B:3 C:1.81 × 1024 D:4 E:5.00 × 1024
    AI参考:正确答案是【C:1.81 × 1024 】。根据题目,需要求出48.2克这种化合物中CH4分子的数量。根据摩尔质量的概念,$n = m/M$,$n$为物质的量,$m$为质量,$M$为摩尔质量。$CH_{4}$的摩尔质量为$16g/mol$,所以物质的量为$n = m/M = 48.2g / 16g/mol = 3.01\times 10^{23}$个。因此,正确答案为C:$1.81 \times 10^{24}$。'
  29. An object will sink in a liquid if the density of the object is greater than that of the liquid. The mass of a sphere is 9.83 g. If the volume of this sphere is less than __________ cm3 , then the sphere will sink in liquid mercury (density = 13.6 g/cm3).

  30. A:134 B:7.48 C:1.38 D:0.723 E:none of the above
    AI参考:正确答案是【B:7.48】。题目中给出了球的密度大于液体的密度,所以球会下沉。已知球的密度为9.83克/立方厘米,液体汞的密度为13.6克/立方厘米,为了使球下沉,球的实际体积需要小于13.6克/立方厘米 × 10-6厘米3=7.48立方厘米。因此,答案为B。'
  31. Which of the following are combination reactions? 1) CH4 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l); 2) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s); 3) Mg (s) + O2 (g) → MgO (s); 4) PbCO3 (s) → PbO (s) + CO2 (g)

  32. A:1, 2, and 3 B:2, 3, and 4 C:1, 2, 3, and 4 D:4 only E:2 and 3
    AI参考:正确选项是E:2 and 3。这些反应分别是:1)甲烷与氧气反应生成二氧化碳和水蒸气,这是燃烧反应;2)氧化钙与二氧化碳反应生成碳酸钙,这是固体的碳酸钙在高温下的分解反应;3)镁与氧气反应生成氧化镁,这是金属镁的氧化反应;这三个反应都属于分解反应和氧化还原反应,而选项D只提到了第四个反应,即碳酸铅分解为氧化铅和二氧化碳,所以不正确。因此,答案为E:2和3。'
  33. What is the coefficient of O2 when the following equation is completed and balanced? C4H8O2 + O2 → ________

  34. A:3 B:5 C:1 D:6 E:2
    AI参考:正确答案是C:1。这个方程式需要分析的是氧气系数。在这个化学反应中,反应物为C4H8O2和O2,产物没有明确指出,所以我们可以推测这是一个燃烧反应,也就是氧气是燃烧的催化剂,而C4H8O2为可燃物。由于燃烧的反应是一个化学反应,那么在这个反应中氧气应该是被消耗的物质,即C4H8O2中的氢原子与氧原子结合形成水,而C4H8O2中的碳原子和另一个氧原子结合形成二氧化碳。也就是说这个化学反应实际上是C4H8O2+3O2→4CO2+4H2O。所以氧气的系数为3/3=1。因此,正确答案为C:1。'
  35. A tank containing both HF and HBr gases developed a leak. The ratio of the rate of effusion of HF to the rate of effusion of HBr is __________.

  36. A:2.01 B:16.3 C:0.497 D:0.247 E:4.04
    AI参考:正确答案是 C:0.497。题目中描述一个装有HF和HBr的混合气体储罐出现泄漏,要求选择HF和HBr气体渗漏速度的比值。由于气体分子的布朗运动和扩散速率与其分子量的平方根成反比,HF的分子量是36.4,HBr的分子量是35.5,因此HF和HBr气体渗漏速度的比值为0.497。因此,选项C是正确答案。'
  37. A 0.100 m solution of which one of the following solutes will have the lowest vapour pressure?

  38. A:Ca(ClO4)2 B:KClO4 C:Al(ClO4)3 D:NaCl E:sucrose
    AI参考:正确答案是 D:NaCl。氯化钠溶液中,物质的蒸气压与其溶液的浓度呈正比关系,即溶液浓度越高,其蒸气压越高。对于相同浓度的氯化钠溶液与其他物质,其蒸气压与溶质的相对分子质量有关,相对分子质量越小,其蒸气压越低。氯化钠的相对分子质量最小,因此其蒸气压最低。因此,答案为D。其他选项中,Ca(ClO4)2、KClO4、Al(ClO4)3和sucrose的相对分子质量都比氯化钠大,因此它们的蒸气压都比氯化钠高。因此,这些选项都不正确。'
  39. One mole of __________ contains the largest number of atoms.

  40. A:Na3PO4 B:C10H8 C:Cl2 D:Al2 (SO4)3 E:S8
    AI参考:正确答案是E:S8。S8是单质,分子中含有大量原子,其他选项都是化合物,原子数没有单质多。因此答案为E。'
  41. The transition metals in group __________ have the highest melting points.

  42. A:4 B:2 C:3 D:6 E:8
    AI参考:正确答案是D. 6。元素周期表中第6组的过渡金属具有很高的熔点,所以答案是D。其他选项的元素组中没有具有高熔点的过渡金属。'
  43. Which of the following are chemical processes? 1. rusting of a nail 2. freezing of water 3. decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases 4. compression of oxygen gas.

  44. A:1, 3, 4 B:1, 3 C:2, 3, 4 D:1, 2 E:1, 4
    AI参考:正确答案是B:1,3。化学过程是指化学反应或化学变化,即物质之间发生化学反应并产生新物质的过程。选项1是铁钉生锈的过程,属于化学变化;选项2是水的冻结,属于物理变化;选项3是水分解为氢气和氧气的过程,也是化学变化;选项4是氧气压缩,属于物理变化。因此,正确答案是1和3,即B选项。'
  45. Predict the product in the combination reaction below. Al (s) + N2 (g) → ________

  46. A:AlN2 B:Al3N C:AlN3 D:AlN E:Al3N2
    AI参考:正确答案是【E:Al3N2】。铝和氮气反应生成氮化铝,氮化铝的化学式为Al3N2,所以答案为E。'
  47. The common-ion effect refers to the observation __________.

  48. A:that some ions, such as Na+ (aq), frequently appear in solutions but do not participate in solubility equilibria
    AI参考:正确选项是A:that some ions, such as Na+ (aq), frequently appear in solutions but do not participate in solubility equilibria 。原文中提到“离子效应是指一些离子,如Na+ (aq),经常出现在溶液中,但不参与溶解度平衡”,所以答案应该是A选项,即“一些离子经常出现在溶液中,但不参与溶解度平衡”。'
  49. Which hydroxides are strong bases?

  50. A:KOH, Ba(OH)2 B:KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2 C:None of these is a strong base D:Sr(OH)2 , KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2 E:KOH, NaOH
    AI参考:正确答案是【D:Sr(OH)2 , KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2 】。选项中只有D项中的四种氢氧化物都是强碱,所以选D。其他选项中有的不是强碱,有的不是氢氧化物。'
  51. Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) ________

  52. A:2 HCl (aq) + O2- (g) B:2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l) C:HCl (aq) + HOCl (aq) D:2 HCl (aq) + O2 (g) E:Cl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
    AI参考:正确选项:E:Cl2 (aq) + H2O (l)解析:根据题目描述,氯原子与水反应生成了氯气和水,因此选项E:Cl2 (aq) + H2O (l) 是最符合题意的答案。其他选项中,A、B、C、D都存在不符合题意的成分。A选项中没有明确指出生成物的电荷数;B选项中氯离子在水溶液中不能存在;C选项中生成物HOCl不是纯净物;D选项中氧气为气体,与题目描述不符。'
  53. Which one of the following statements regarding Kw is false?

  54. A:pKw is 14.00 at 25°C B:Kw changes with temperature C:Kw is known as the ion product of water D:The value of Kw shows that water is a weak acid E:The value of Kw is always 1.0 × 10-14.
    AI参考:正确选项是E:The value of Kw is always 1.0 × 10-14.。其他选项均是关于水的离子积常数Kw的正确陈述。其中,A选项描述了Kw在25℃时的值为14.00,这是正确的。B选项指出Kw随温度变化,这也是正确的,因为在一定范围内,温度升高会导致Kw增大。C选项提到Kw被称为水的离子积,这也是正确的。D选项指出Kw的值表明水是一种弱酸,这也是合理的,因为Kw反映了水中氢离子和氢氧根离子的平衡浓度。然而,E选项声称Kw的值总是1.0 × 10-14,这是错误的。实际上,Kw的值在不同的温度下是不同的,它在常温下的值约为1.0 × 10-14,但在高温下可能会更高。因此,E选项是错误的。'
  55. Of the halogens, which are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?

  56. A:fluorine, chlorine, and bromine B:fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine C:fluorine and chlorine D:fluorine, bromine, and iodine E:fluorine, chlorine, and iodine
    AI参考:正确答案是【B:fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine 】。题目中提到的是在室温和大气压下为气体的卤素,氟气、氯气、溴气和碘气都是气体,因此答案为B。其他选项中,C和D只包含氟气和氯气,E包含了氟气、氯气和碘气,但溴气不是气体。'
  57. Which alkaline earth metal will not react with liquid water or with steam __________?

  58. A:Ca B:They all react with liquid water and with steam C:Mg D:Be E:Ba
    AI参考:正确答案是D:Be。碱土金属中的铍(Be)最不活泼,不易与水反应,也不与水蒸气反应。因此,本题答案为D。'
  59. Of the hydrogen halides, only __________ is a weak acid.

  60. A:HCl (aq) B:HF (aq) C:HBr (aq) D:They are all weak acids E:HI (aq)

  61. Round the following number to four significant figures and express the result in standard exponential notation: 229.613.

  62. A:229.6 B:22.96 × 10-1 C:2.296 × 102 D:2.296 × 10-2 E:0.2296 × 103
    AI参考:正确选项是E:0.2296 × 103。将数字229.613保留四位有效数字,得到结果为229.6127,需要向上取整,因此答案为E选项,即0.2296 × 103。这个答案表示数字229.613被保留四位有效数字后,转化为标准指数记法。'
  63. On the phase diagram shown for Question 21, the coordinates of point __________ correspond to the critical temperature and pressure.

  64. A:E B:A C:C D:B E:D

  65. A closed-end manometer was attached to a vessel containing argon. The difference in the mercury levels in the two arms of the manometer was 12.2 cm. Atmospheric pressure was 783 mm Hg. The pressure of the argon in the container was __________ mm Hg.

  66. A:795 B:771 C:122 D:661 E:882
    AI参考:正确答案是【B:771】。题目中提到一个封闭式压力计连接到装有氩气的容器上,汞柱差为12.2cm,大气压为783mmHg。根据气体定律PV=nRT,P1V1=P2V2,P1=大气压=783mmHg,P2=容器内氩气压强,则P2V2=大气压V+汞柱差V,代入数据可得容器内氩气压强为771mmHg。因此,选项B为正确答案。'
  67. A tin atom has 50 electrons. Electrons in the __________ subshell experience the lowest effective nuclear charge.

  68. A:3d B:5s C:1s D:3p E:5p
    AI参考:正确答案是D:3p。原子序数为50的锡元素的电子排布式为[Kr]5d¹ 6s¹ 3p³,原子中不同电子层的电子会受到不同程度的有效核电荷的影响,通常,外层电子数量越多,受到的有效核电荷越大。题目中提到“电子在……子壳层中经历最低的有效核电荷”,而选项中只有D是锡元素的3p子壳层,因此答案为D。'
  69. Which two bonds are most similar in polarity?

  70. A:I–Br and Si–Cl B:B–F and Cl–F C:Al–Cl and I–Br D:O–F and Cl–F E:Cl–Cl and Be–Cl

  71. Methane and ethane are both made up of carbon and hydrogen. In methane, there are 12.0 g of carbon for every 4.00 g of hydrogen, a ratio of 3:1 by mass. In ethane, there are 24.0 g of carbon for every 6.00 g of hydrogen, a ratio of 4:1 by mass. This is a statement of the law of __________.

  72. A:constant composition B:conservation of matter C:octaves D:conservation of mass E:multiple proportions

  73. The correct formula for molybdenum(IV) hypochlorite is __________.

  74. A:Mo(ClO4)4 B:Mo(ClO3)4 C:Mo(ClO2)4 D:Mo(ClO)4 E:MoCl4

  75. Which one of the following reactions is a redox reaction?

  76. A:Pb2+ + 2Cl- → PbCl2 B:H2O + NaCl → NaOH + HCl C:AgNO3 + HCl → HNO3 + AgCl D:None of the above is a redox reaction. E:NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

  77. The oxidation state of copper in Cu2CO3(OH)2 is __________.

  78. A:-2 B:0 C:4 D:1 E:2
    AI参考:正确选项:E:2。题目中给出的是Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂,这是一个复盐,其中铜的氧化数为+2,同时由于存在氢氧根离子,因此总氧化数不为零。因此,答案为E,即铜的氧化数为+2。'
  79. A strong electrolyte is one that __________ completely in solution.

  80. A:decomposes B:disintegrates C:disappears D:reacts E:ionizes
    AI参考:正确答案是【E:ionizes】。离子化体或称离子液体。E项离子化在离子电导材料、电子材料等方面应用广泛,具有较强的化学反应性和较高的稳定性。离子化合物能够电离形成带电荷的离子,溶液中强离子导体通过这些带电粒子迁移作用传输电流。A选项为分解;B选项为分散或碎裂;C选项为消失;D选项为反应。所以只有E项符合题意。'
  81. 1 nanometer = __________ picometers

  82. A:1 B:0.1 C:10 D:0.01 E:1000
    AI参考:正确选项为D:0.01。因为1纳米等于0.00000001千米,也就是0.0000001米,而1米等于10^12纳米,所以1纳米等于1/10^12米,即1/10^4米/厘米,再换算成皮米就是0.01皮米。因此,答案为D。'
  83. The Lewis structure of N2H2 shows __________.

  84. A:each nitrogen has two non-binding electron pairs B:a nitrogen-nitrogen single bond C:each hydrogen has one non-bonding electron pair D:a nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond E:each nitrogen has one non-binding electron pair

  85. __________ solids consist of atoms or molecules held together by dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and/or hydrogen bonds.

  86. A:Molecular B:Ionic C:Metallic and covalent-network D:Covalent-network E:Metallic
    AI参考:正确答案是D:Covalent-network。根据上下文可知,题干中的solids是指固态物质,其中由原子或分子通过共价键结合在一起,同时受到极性相互作用的影响,包括伦敦散射力和氢键。选项D是描述这些相互作用类型的术语,符合题意。因此,正确答案是D:Covalent-network。'
  87. The correct name for Al2O3 is __________.

  88. A:dialuminum trioxide B:aluminum trioxide C:aluminum oxide D:aluminum hydroxide E:dialuminum oxide
    AI参考:正确答案是C:aluminum oxide。题目中要求选择正确的名称,根据题目描述,Al2O3是一种氧化物,所以选项C中的aluminum oxide符合题意。其他选项中,dialuminum trioxide(铝三氧化二铝)是不存在的物质,aluminum trioxide(氧化铝)也是氧化铝的常用名称,而aluminum hydroxide(氢氧化铝)是一种氢氧化物。因此,选项C是正确答案。'
  89. The electron configuration of a ground-state Ag atom is __________.

  90. A:[Ar]4s2 4d9 B:[Ar]4s14d10 C: [Kr]5s14d10 D:[Kr]5s23d9 E:[Kr]5s2 4d10

  91. On the phase diagram above, segment __________ corresponds to the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the solid and the gas of the substance are in equilibrium.

  92. A:AB B:AD C:AC D:BC E:CD
    AI参考:正确选项是【B:AD】。\r\r原文中提到“On the phase diagram above”,即“在上面的相图中”,因此可以推断出这道题是在描述一个相图。根据上下文,选项B“AD”中的“AD”部分对应于物质在温度和压力下处于固体和气体平衡的条件。因此,B选项是正确答案。'
  93. The conjugate base of HSO4- is

  94. A:HSO4+ B:H3SO4+ C:OH- D:H2SO4 E:SO42-

  95. What is the pH of an aqueous solution at 25.0 °C in which [H+] is 0.00250 M?

  96. A:-2.6 B:2.25 C:3.4 D:2.6 E:-3.4

  97. In which of the following atoms is the 3s orbital closest to the nucleus?

  98. A:The 3s orbitals are the same distance from the nucleus in all of these atoms. B:I C:Br D:Cl E:At
    AI参考:正确答案是A:在以下哪个原子中,3s轨道离原子核的距离最接近?所有的原子中的3s轨道到核的距离都是相同的。原文中提到“In which of the following atoms is the 3s orbital closest to the nucleus?”,意思是在下面的哪个原子中,3s轨道离原子核的距离最接近。因此需要选择一个原子,其中3s轨道离原子核的距离最为接近。在四个选项中,只有A选项表明所有的原子中的3s轨道到核的距离都是相同的,因此A是正确答案。B、C、D、E选项都与问题无关或与事实不符。'
  99. In which orbital does an electron in a phosphorus atom experience the greatest shielding __________?

  100. A:2p B:3p C:2s D:1s E:3s

  101. The formula weight of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is __________ amu.

  102. A:242.18 B:294.18 C:255.08 D:107.09 E:333.08
    AI参考:正确选项:A:242.18钾原子序数为19,铬原子序数为24,两者的相对原子质量分别为39.105(误差±0.06)和52.990,将它们以比例结合后可得铬酸钾(K2CrO4)的相对分子质量为242.18。因此,答案为A选项。'
  103. A neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces __________.

  104. A:water and a salt B:oxygen gas C:sodium hydroxide D:ammonia E:hydrogen gas
    AI参考:正确答案是E:氢气。酸和金属氢氧化物反应生成水和气体,选项中只有E是气体,所以答案是E。其他选项分析:A选项:中和反应生成盐和水,但是金属氢氧化物不能是盐,所以错误。B选项:金属氢氧化物和酸反应不会生成氧气,所以错误。C选项:金属氢氧化物和酸反应不会生成氢氧化钠,所以错误。D选项:氨气不是由酸和金属氢氧化物反应生成的,所以错误。'
  105. Which energy change corresponds to the first ionization energy of potassium?

  106. A:3 B:5 C:4 D:2 E:6

  107. Lattice energy is __________. The diagram below is the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of crystalline potassium fluoride.

  108. A:the energy required to produce one mole of an ionic compound from its constituent elements in their standard states B:the energy required to convert a mole of ionic solid into its constituent ions in the gas phase C:the energy given off when gaseous ions combine to form one mole of an ionic solid D:the sum of ionization energies of the components in an ionic solid E:the sum of electron affinities of the components in an ionic solid
    AI参考:正确答案是:A:the energy required to produce one mole of an ionic compound from its constituent elements in their standard states。题干描述了晶体氟化钾的博恩-哈伯循环,说明了晶格能是形成一摩尔离子化合物所需的能量,选项A描述了这一过程,其他选项与题干描述不符。因此,答案为A。'
  109. Which equation correctly represents the electron affinity of calcium?

  110. A:Ca+ (g) + e- → Ca (g) B:Ca (g) → Ca- (g) + e- C:Ca (g) → Ca+ (g) + e- D:Ca- (g) → Ca (g) + e- E:Ca (g) + e- → Ca- (g)

  111. Of the molecules below, the bond in __________ is the most polar.

  112. A:HCl B:H2 C:HI D:HBr E:HF
    AI参考:正确答案是E:HF。氢氟酸(HF)中存在氢键,这种特殊的分子间相互作用使得氢氟酸分子具有极性,因此选项E是正确的。其他选项中,氯化氢(HCl)、溴化氢(HBr)、碘化氢(HI)和氢气(H2)中的分子键均不是极性的。因此,根据题目要求,不需要分析就可以得出答案为E。'
  113. Which one of the following is a pure substance?

  114. A:wood B:milk C:elemental copper D:saltwater E:concrete
    AI参考:正确答案是C:elemental copper,铜元素是一种纯净的物质。选项A、B、D、E都是混合物,只有C选项中的铜元素是一种纯净的物质,因此C是正确答案。'
  115. The number 0.00430 has __________ significant figures.

  116. A:2 B:6 C:3 D:5 E:4
    AI参考:正确选项是【C:3】。根据题目中的描述,数字0.00430有“3”个有效数字。有效数字是指在分析工作中实际能够测量到的数字,包括最后一位不确定但是可以估计到百位或千位的数字。因此,数字0.00430的有效数字为4和3,共有3个有效数字。所以,正确选项为C:3。'
  117. __________ is the chemical symbol for elemental sodium.

  118. A:So B:S C:Na D:Sn E:W
    AI参考:正确答案是C:Na。化学元素钠的化学符号是Na,所以选项C是正确答案。其他选项与化学元素钠无关。'
  119. A combination of sand, salt, and water is an example of a __________.

  120. A:homogeneous mixture B:pure substance C:heterogeneous mixture D:compound E:solid
    AI参考:正确答案是C:heterogeneous mixture。根据题干中的描述,沙子、盐和水混合在一起,这是一个混合物,即heterogeneous mixture(异质混合物)。而选项A、B、D和E都与混合物的概念不符,只有C选项符合题意。因此,答案为C。'
  121. CO2 from hydrocarbon combustion creates a major environmental problem that is described as __________.

  122. A:all of the above B:acid rain C:stratospheric ozone depletion D:photochemical smog E:the greenhouse effect
    AI参考:正确答案是B:acid rain。根据题干中的描述,二氧化碳从碳氢化合物燃烧中产生了一个主要的环境问题,这个问题被称为酸雨。酸雨是一种由大气中的酸性物质造成的环境问题,主要是由于燃烧化石燃料产生的二氧化碳等气体与大气中的水蒸气反应形成的酸性物质。因此,选项B是正确答案。其他选项与题干描述不符。'
  123. Using Bohr's equation for the energy levels of the electron in the hydrogen atom, determine the energy (J) of an electron in the n = 4 level. __________ .

  124. A:-10.6 B:-7472.12 C: -5.45 × 10-19 D:-47.4 E:-1.36 x 10-19
    AI参考:正确答案是C:  -5.45 × 10-19。根据波尔模型中的能量量子化原理,氢原子中电子的能量是量子化的,即电子只能处于一系列特定的能级上,每个能级的能量值是确定的。根据波尔假设的能级公式E = E4 - E1 = 13.6 eV,其中E4是第四能级的能量值,E1是基态的能量值,解方程得到E4 = -5.45 × 10-19 J。因此,答案为C:  -5.45 × 10-19。'
  125. Of the following statements, __________ is not true for oxygen.

  126. A:Oxygen is a colourless gas at room temperature. B:Oxygen forms peroxide and superoxide anions. C:The most stable allotrope of oxygen is O2. D:The chemical formula of ozone is O3. E:Dry air is about 79 % oxygen.
    AI参考:正确答案是 C:The most stable allotrope of oxygen is O2.氧气是最稳定的同素异形体,它以气态存在,没有颜色,所以选项A正确;氧气可以形成过氧化氢和超氧化物离子,所以选项B正确;臭氧的化学式是O3,所以选项D正确;空气中约有79%的氧气,所以选项E正确。因此,只有选项C是错误的。在氧气中,最稳定的同素异形体是氧气分子(O2)。'
  127. In which one of the following numbers are all of the zeros significant?

  128. A:100.09009 B:0.14329 C:0.1 D:0.05843 E:0.003002
    AI参考:正确答案是C:0.1。在给出的选项中,只有C选项的0.1是一个有限的小数,即小数点后只有一位非零数字,因此只有C选项中的所有零都是有效数字。其他选项中都存在至少一个零不是有效数字。因此,正确答案是C选项。'
  129. The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is given by __________.

  130. A:h + mv B:h/mv C: mv D:mv/c E: hmv
    AI参考:正确选项是【B:h/mv】。根据德布罗意波长公式,粒子的德布罗意波长λ = h/p,其中p是粒子的动量,而动量p=mv,因此德布罗意波长公式可以简化为λ = h/mv。所以,正确选项是B:h/mv。其他选项中的h、mv、mv/c、hmv都不是德布罗意波长公式中的正确表达式。'
  131. What is the oxidation number of potassium in KMnO4?

  132. A:3 B:2 C:0 D:1 E:-1
    AI参考:正确答案是C,0。在KMnO₄中,钾的氧化数为0,因为它在化合物中表现为中性。选项A、B、D、E都不正确,因为钾在化合物中通常显正价,而不是负价。因此,正确答案是C,0。'
  133. Predict the empirical formula of the ionic compound that forms from sodium and fluorine.

  134. A:Na2F B:NaF2 C:NaF D:Na2F3 E:Na3F2
    AI参考:正确答案是C:NaF。钠和氟形成离子化合物,钠是正一价的离子,氟是负一价的离子,因此形成的化合物是NaF。选项A和D中的化学式不符合化合价规则,选项B和E中的化学式存在化学式书写错误。因此,正确答案是C。'

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