第十四章单元测试
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee's is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual (知识的) opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. "Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project."In the United states, a person can take credit only for what he has accomplished by himself.
Americans get no credit whatsoever for having been born into a rich or privileged family.(In the
United States, that would be considered "an accident of birth.” ) Americans pride themselves in
having been born poor and, through their own hard work, having climbed the difficult ladder of
success to whatever level they have achieved---all by themselves. The American social system has
of course, made it possible for Americans to move, relatively easily, up the social ladder, whereas
this is impossible to do in many other countries. The "self-made man or woman " is still very much the ideal in present-day America.
Americans believe that competition brings out the best in any individual. They claim that it challenges or forces each person to produce the very best that is humanly possible. Consequently, the foreign visitor will see competition being fostered in the American home and in the American classroom even at the youngest age levels. You may find the value placed on competition disagreeable, especially if you come from a society that promotes cooperation rather than competition among individuals. But Americans teaching in Third World countries find the lack of competitiveness in a classroom situation equally distressing. They soon learn that what they had thought to be one of the universal human characteristics represented only a peculiarly American (or Western)value.
Americans, valuing competition, have devised an economic system to go with it---free enterprise(自由企业制)， Americans feel very strongly that a highly competitive economy will bring out the best in its people and ultimately, that the society which fosters competition will progress most rapidly. If you look for it, you will see evidence in all areas---in all fields as diverse as medicine. the arts, education, and sports---that free enterprise is the approach most often preferred in America.
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