1.（ ） is the dominant element of fair and equitable treatment.
A:Protection of foreign investments
B:Protection of legitimate expectations
C:National treatment
D:Protection of foreign investors
答案:AI参考:正确答案是【B:Protection of legitimate expectations】是公平公正待遇的主要要素。\n\nProtection of legitimate expectations保护正当期待，是国际投资法中公平公正待遇标准的核心内容。国家必须提供充分的保护和适当的救济措施，使投资者相信在其领域内的不利条件，不管因何人所致，不会持久，都给予正当期待者公平的对待。其他选项不符合题目要求。因此，正确答案是B。'
2.Which is the amount necessary to replace the investment prior to the injurious acts? （ ）
A:Liquidation value
B:NBV
C:DCF
D:Replacement value
答案:AI参考:正确答案是D:Replacement value（重置价值）。\n投资在受到损害之前需要用多少金额来替换它，这需要考虑到重置价值。重置价值是投资在损坏之前所需的金额，而其他选项如清算价值、净现值和折现现金流则与这个问题无关。因此，答案是D：Replacement value。'
3.Which means is the most effective means to prevent parallel proceedings if possible? （ ）
A:Application of res judicata
B:Stay of proceedings
C:Consolidation
D:Waiver clause
答案:AI参考:正确答案是C:Consolidation。\n如果可能的话，合并是最有效的防止平行诉讼的手段。Consolidation（合并）可以使得在一个诉讼程序中同时处理多个案件或涉及同一事实的不同案件，这有助于避免平行诉讼的发生。而其他选项A（应用已决案件）、B（暂缓诉讼）和D（放弃条款）虽然在某些情况下也可能有助于防止平行诉讼，但不如合并那样全面和有效。因此，正确答案是C。'
4.（ ） prescribe the law applicable to the daily operation of the foreign investment.
A:Choice of law clause
B:Clause on the law applicable to the investment
C:Dispute settlement clause
D:Preservation of right clause
答案:AI参考:正确选项为：B:Clause on the law applicable to the investment。\n\n在外国投资的日常运营中，应适用的法律是由投资协议中关于投资适用法律的条款来指定的。选项A的“法律选择条款”通常用于解决合同纠纷时选择适用何种法律；选项C的“争议解决条款”通常用于解决合同纠纷时的解决方式；选项D的“保留权利条款”通常用于规定双方在合同中的权利和义务。因此，这些选项都不能正确回答问题。因此，正确答案是B，即关于投资适用法律的条款。'
5.The first BIT provides for investor-state arbitration with unqualified state consent was in （ ）.
A:1968
B:1971
C:1970
D:1969
答案:AI参考:答案为D：1969。\n\n根据题目中的信息，第一份双边投资条约规定投资者与国家之间的仲裁，国家无条件同意。因此，需要找到第一份双边投资条约的签订年份。根据历史记录，第一份双边投资条约是在1969年签订的，因此答案为D。'
6.From the perspective of developed countries, the minimum standard of treatment derives from customary international law. （ ）
A:对
B:错
答案:AI参考:答案：B：错。
从发达国家的角度来看，最低标准待遇源自国际习惯法。这个说法是不正确的。最低标准待遇通常是由国际组织或国际公约规定的，而不是源自国际习惯法。因此，该题判断为错误。
7.Mere public purpose is sufficient to justify uncompensated appropriations. （ ）
A:对
B:错
答案:AI参考:答案是B：错。
根据题目中的句子“Mere public purpose is sufficient to justify uncompensated appropriations”可以得知，仅仅是为了公共目的就足以证明无偿占用是合理的。但是，这句话并没有明确说明这种占用是否需要得到补偿或者是否合法，因此不能简单地判断为正确或错误。需要进一步分析相关法律和规定才能得出正确的结论。
8.Whether a matter pertains to admissibility or jurisdiction is fixed. （ ）
A:对
B:错
答案:AI参考:答案是B：错。
根据题目中的句子“Whether a matter pertains to admissibility or jurisdiction is fixed.”可以得知，一个事项是否属于可受理性还是管辖权是由既定的规则决定的，而不是由某个特定的人或组织决定。因此，选项B是正确的，与句子的意思相反。
9.Regulation in the public interest is not exporpriatory. （ ）
A:错
B:对
答案:AI参考:答案是B：对。
根据问题描述，监管是为了公众利益，所以监管不具有掠夺性。因此，该判断题表述正确，答案为B。
10.References to ‘no less favourable’ treatment in IIAs means the investors are entitled to the best treatment afforded to any other investors or investments.（ ）
A:对
B:错
答案:AI参考:参考国际投资协议中对‘no less favourable’ treatment的引用，意味着投资者有权享受给予其他任何投资者或投资的最好待遇。因此，答案为A：对。
11.The full protection and security obligations mean that the host state should provide the highest standard of physical protection to foreign investors. （ ）
A:对
B:错
A:对 B:错 13.Even where the security exception is self-judging in an IIA, the state must still act in good faith. （ ）
A:错 B:对 14.When assessing legitimate expectations, which of the followings should be considered? （ ）
A:The position making the representation B:The timing of the government representation C:The foreseeability of reliance D:The conduct of the investor 15.Which issue should be concerned in drafting the umbrella clause? （ ）
A:Addressee of the obligation to be observed B:Duty imposed C:Relationship between the obligation and its addressee D:Obligation to be observed 16.Which clause aims to guarantee that investors will not be suddenly deprived of the benefit an investment treaty following termination? （ ）
A:Survival clause B:Jurisdiction clause C:Minimum period of application clause D:MFN treatment clause 17.Which of the following requirements of foreign investors will not be regarded to breach national treatment obligations under the pre-entry mode? （ ）
A:Investors should report currency transfers B:Investments should be constituted under the law of the host state C:Investors should reside in the host state D:Investor should employ local workers 18.Security exception provisions based on Article XXI, GATT typically provide what amounts to an essential security interest, including measures relating to （ ）.
A:An emergency with purely local effects B:War C:No-proliferation of nuclear materials D:Traffic in arms 19.Which of the following state conducts will give rise to the legitimate expectations? （ ）
A:Licenses B:Written representations C:Contract with foreign investors D:Oral representations 20.Pillars of the Calvo Doctrine include （ ）.
A:Absolute equality of foreigners with different nationality B:Preferential treatment C:MFN treatment D:The principle of non-intervention 21.Under DCF, the net cash flow has to be discounted at a rate that reflects （ ）.
A:The time value of the money B:The original value of the investment C:Expected inflation D:The risk associated with such cash flow under realistic circumstances 22.Narrowly, denial of justice refers to （ ）.
A:Failure to provide a fair hearing B:Requirement of exhaustion of local remedies first C:Non-execution of a judgement D:Undue delay in judicial proceedings 23.Which exceptions to transfer obligations are allowed?? （ ）
A:Regulation of the dealing of securities B:Bankruptcy C:Tax collection D:Enforcement of criminal offences 24.Which are generally contained in transparency standards in IIAs? （ ）
A:To notify parties of changes in the laws; B:To ensure that the laws are applied in a non-discriminatory and impartial fashion C:To promptly respond to questions by investors D:To make information on laws, regulations and policies publicly available 25.In IIA disputes, host state law is relevant to a number of issues, including （ ）.
A:The nature of the government measures B:The scope of the right making up an investment C:The validity of an investment D:The existence of an investment 26.From the legal perspective, national treatment guarantee （ ）.
A:no equality B:Administrative equality C:Absolute equality D:Formal equality 27.Under ICSID Convention, companies need to have the nationality of an ICSID member state on the date when the parties consented to ICSID arbitration. （ ）
A:错 B:对 28.The legal risks that the investor didn’t know at the time the investment was made was not a significant factor in assessing legitimate expectations. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 29.Less favourable administrative to enforce rights might give rise to a breach of national treatment obligations. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 30.Refusal to permit an investment based on local laws by the host state definitely breach IIA obligations.（ ）
A:错误 B:正确 31.In applying the fork-in-the-road provision, arbitral tribunal should consider the triple identity test: the same object, the same cause of action and the same parties to the dispute. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 32.Unilateral undertakings by the host state may be covered by the umbrella clause in IIAs. （ ）
A:正确 B:错误 33.An erroneous judgement is sufficient to prove denial of justice. （ ）
A:对 B:错 34.Mere commercial sale can also be qualified as an investment in a BIT. （ ）
A:正确 B:错误 35.Under customary international law, states have no right to control the admission of foreign investors and investments into their territories. （ ）
A:错 B:对 36.Force majeure under international law is the same as force majeure under national law. （ ）
A:错 B:对 37.The state’s right to exercise diplomatic protection was recognized in 1924. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 38.Under the requirement of creating favourable conditions for foreign investors, the host state should be required to privatize state-owned enterprises. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 39.Newly-added taxations are in the categories of indirect expropriation. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 40.Exceptions for existing non-conforming measures act as grandfathering provisions. （ ）
A:错 B:对 41.The issue of the liability of the host state for measures that breach the IIA, is a matter for international law, not domestic law. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 42.Normally preservation of right clause contain a choice of law. （ ）.
A:错误 B:正确 43.Creeping expropriation occurs when a serious of measures taken by the host state over time cumulatively have an expropriatory effect on the foreign investors. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确 44.Normally, states should provide national treatment with respect to the admission of foreign investment. （ ）.
A:错 B:对 45.ICSID Convention does not require that the dispute should arise out of an investment. （ ）
A:对 B:错 46.For host state, the obligation of promotion and encourage applies to outward FDI by its nationals. （ ）
A:错误 B:正确
