沈阳农业大学
- /Integrity is defined as adherence to moral and ethical principles; honesty. The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself but also living up to those standards each day. A lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can’t see the risks we’re taking, we can’t make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn’t know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is unintentional does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. But Everybody Does It Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you’d rather hide your actions, that’s a good indication that you’re taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits, and simply haven’t considered what might go wrong. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren’t many things that fall in this category. Getting Away With It--Or Not Those who don’t get caught pay an even higher price. Cheating undermines confidence and independence. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn’t get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works. Cheating Hurts Others, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions don’t count and don’t really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but a cheater says, I’m not interested in what you’re trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others. The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Matters If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn’t put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation’s economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live. 1. Cheaters at exam do not care about their education, all they care about is how to____
- $Our quarrel with efficiency is not that it gets things done, but that it is a thief of time when it leaves us no leisure to enjoy ourselves, and that it strains our nerves when we try to get things done perfectly. In building bridges, American engineers calculate so finely and exactly as to make the two ends come together within one-tenth of an inch. But when two Chinese begin to dig a tunnel from both sides of a mountain both come out on the other side. --The Chinese’s firm belief is that it doesn’t matter so long as a tunnel is dug through, and if we have two instead of one, why, we have a double track to boot.The pace of modern industrial life forbids this kind of glorious and magnificent idling. But, worse than that, it imposes upon us a different conception of time as measured by the clock and eventually turns the human being into a clock himself. (This sort of thing is bound to come to China, as is evident, for instance, in the case of a factory of twenty thousand worker. The luxurious prospect of twenty thousand workers coming in at their own sweet pleasure at all hours is, of course, somewhat terrifying.)Nevertheless, such efficiency is what makes life so hard and full of excitement. A man who has to be punctually at a certain place at five o’clock has the whole afternoon from one to five ruined for him already. Every American adult is arranging his time on the pattern of the schoolboy - three o’clock for this, five o’clock for that, six-thirty for change of dress, six-fifty for entering the taxi, and seven o’clock for arriving at the destination. It just makes life not worth living.4.、The author believes that relaxing the rule of punctuality in factories would lead to ____.（ ）
- *&Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: If women are mercilessly（无情地）exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, the designers and the big stores always take them advantage of. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe （衣柜） packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in highheeled shoes. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.2.To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as（ ）.
- @Our quarrel with efficiency is not that it gets things done, but that it is a thief of time when it leaves us no leisure to enjoy ourselves, and that it strains our nerves when we try to get things done perfectly. In building bridges, American engineers calculate so finely and exactly as to make the two ends come together within one-tenth of an inch. But when two Chinese begin to dig a tunnel from both sides of a mountain both come out on the other side. --The Chinese’s firm belief is that it doesn’t matter so long as a tunnel is dug through, and if we have two instead of one, why, we have a double track to boot.The pace of modern industrial life forbids this kind of glorious and magnificent idling. But, worse than that, it imposes upon us a different conception of time as measured by the clock and eventually turns the human being into a clock himself. (This sort of thing is bound to come to China, as is evident, for instance, in the case of a factory of twenty thousand worker. The luxurious prospect of twenty thousand workers coming in at their own sweet pleasure at all hours is, of course, somewhat terrifying.)Nevertheless, such efficiency is what makes life so hard and full of excitement. A man who has to be punctually at a certain place at five o’clock has the whole afternoon from one to five ruined for him already. Every American adult is arranging his time on the pattern of the schoolboy - three o’clock for this, five o’clock for that, six-thirty for change of dress, six-fifty for entering the taxi, and seven o’clock for arriving at the destination. It just makes life not worth living.2、 In the eyes of the author, the introduction of industrial life gives rise to ____.（ ）
- ‘’The French word “renaissance” means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules Michelet in his History of France, and then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of this period wanted to restore the learning and ideals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human. Fulfillment in life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period---how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed and experienced. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music--- although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half---though at different rates in different countries---that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.3. It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of Renaissance wereseeking a rebirth of______________.（ ）
- (^For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. In (1) -- a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend (2) -- can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (3) -- readers. Most of us develop poor reading (4) -- at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (5) -- in the actual stuff of language itself-words. Taken individually, words have (6) -- meaning until they are strung together into phrased, sentences and paragraphs. (7) --, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to (8) – words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over (9) -- you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which (10) -- down the speed of reading is vocalization - sounding each word either orally or mentally as (11) -- reads. To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (12), which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate (13) -- the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch”him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (14) -- word-by-word reading, regression and sub-vocalization, practically impossible. At first (15) -- is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, (16) -- your comprehension will improve. Many people have found (17) -- reading skill drastically improved after some training. (18) -- Charley Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 172 words a minute (19) -- the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can (20) -- a lot more reading material in a short period of time.7、（ ）
- %Our quarrel with efficiency is not that it gets things done, but that it is a thief of time when it leaves us no leisure to enjoy ourselves, and that it strains our nerves when we try to get things done perfectly. In building bridges, American engineers calculate so finely and exactly as to make the two ends come together within one-tenth of an inch. But when two Chinese begin to dig a tunnel from both sides of a mountain both come out on the other side. --The Chinese’s firm belief is that it doesn’t matter so long as a tunnel is dug through, and if we have two instead of one, why, we have a double track to boot.The pace of modern industrial life forbids this kind of glorious and magnificent idling. But, worse than that, it imposes upon us a different conception of time as measured by the clock and eventually turns the human being into a clock himself. (This sort of thing is bound to come to China, as is evident, for instance, in the case of a factory of twenty thousand worker. The luxurious prospect of twenty thousand workers coming in at their own sweet pleasure at all hours is, of course, somewhat terrifying.)Nevertheless, such efficiency is what makes life so hard and full of excitement. A man who has to be punctually at a certain place at five o’clock has the whole afternoon from one to five ruined for him already. Every American adult is arranging his time on the pattern of the schoolboy - three o’clock for this, five o’clock for that, six-thirty for change of dress, six-fifty for entering the taxi, and seven o’clock for arriving at the destination. It just makes life not worth living.5、 What is implied but NOT stated by the author is that ____.（ ）
- $%^Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Heading leadership literature, you'd sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader.I don't believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who are sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities.Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to (追求) leadership in the first place.We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders.Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine (神圣的) right, to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can't be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you aren't working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher.True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isn't their only tool. In fact, it isn't even their primary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know it's vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important.If you're too concerned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outcomes, then you aren't leading at all, you're dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals.61. What does the author think of the leaders he knows?（ ）
- ,》The French word “renaissance” means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules Michelet in his History of France, and then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of this period wanted to restore the learning and ideals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human. Fulfillment in life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period---how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed and experienced. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music--- although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half---though at different rates in different countries---that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.2. The phrase“frowned on”(para. 1) is closest in meaning to______.（ ）
- (*$#PassageQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. International airlines have rediscovered the business travelers, the man or woman who regularly jets from country to country as part of the job. This does not necessarily mean that airlines ever abandoned their business travelers. Indeed, companies like Lufthansa and Swissair would rightly argue that they have always catered best for the executive class passengers. But many lines could be accused of concentrating too heavily in the recent past on attracting passengers by volume, often at the expense of regular travelers. Too often, they have seemed geared for quantity rather than quality. Operating a major airline in the 1980s is essentially a matter of finding the right mix of passengers. The airlines need to fill up the back end of their wide-bodied jets with low fare passengers, without forgetting that the front end should be filled with people who pay substantially more for their tickets. It is no coincidence that the two major airline bankruptcies in 1982 were among the companies specializing in cheap flights. But low fares require consistently full aircraft to make flights economically feasible, and in the recent recession the volume of traffic has not grown. Equally the large number of airlines jostling (争夺) for the available passengers has created a huge excess of capacity. The net result of excess capacity and cut-throat competition driving down fares has been to push some airlines into collapse and leave many others hovering on the brink. Against this grim background, it is no surprise that airlines are turning increasingly towards the business travelers to improve their rates of return. They have invested much time and effort to establish exactly what the executive demands for sitting apart from the tourists. High on the list of priorities is punctuality; an executive’s time is money. In-flight service is another area where the airlines are jostling for the executive’s attention. The free drinks and headsets and better food are all part of the lure.25. The following are all used to attract passengers EXCEPT . （ ）
- For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies--and other creatures--learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives"（欲望）as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switch on" a display of lights--and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble（发出咯咯声）" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. 8.In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to （ ）.
- =Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．6.（ ）
- *（）￥Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.When young women were found to make only 82 percent of what their male peers do just one year out of college, many were at a loss to explain it.All the traditional reasons put forward to interpret the pay gap-that women fall behind when they leave the workforce to raise kids, for example, or that they don't seek as many management roles-failed to justify this one. These young women didn't have kids yet. And because they were just one year removed from their undergraduate degrees, few of these women yet had the chance to go after (much less decline) leadership roles.But there are other reasons why the pay gap remains so persistent. The first is that no matter how many women may be getting college degrees, the university experience is still an unequal one. The second is that our higher education system is not designed to focus on the economic consequences of our students' years on campus.Now that women are the majority of college students and surpass men in both the number of undergraduate and advanced degrees awarded, one might think the college campus is a pretty equal place. It is not. Studies show that while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trail off during their college years. They enroll in different kinds of classes, tend to major in less rigorous (非常严格的) subjects, and generally head off with less ambitious plans.As a result, it's not surprising that even the best educated young women enter the workplace with a slight disadvantage. Their college experience leaves them somewhat confused, still stumbling (栽倒) over the dilemmas their grandmothers' generation sought to destroy. Are they supposed to be pretty or smart? Strong or sexy (性感的) All their lives, today's young women have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion-to pursue science and sports, math and theater-and do it all as well as they possibly can. No wonder they are not negotiating for higher salaries as soon as they get out of school. They are too exhausted, and too scared of failing.60. How does the author explain the pay gap between men and women fresh from college?( )
- **%The French word “renaissance” means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules Michelet in his , and then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of this period wanted to restore the learning and ideals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human. Fulfillment in life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period---how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed and experienced. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music--- although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half---though at different rates in different countries---that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.4. According to the passage, why was Bemaradino Cirillo disappointedwith the music of his time?（ ）
- |Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．10.（ ）
- *@Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.When young women were found to make only 82 percent of what their male peers do just one year out of college, many were at a loss to explain it.All the traditional reasons put forward to interpret the pay gap-that women fall behind when they leave the workforce to raise kids, for example, or that they don't seek as many management roles-failed to justify this one. These young women didn't have kids yet. And because they were just one year removed from their undergraduate degrees, few of these women yet had the chance to go after (much less decline) leadership roles.But there are other reasons why the pay gap remains so persistent. The first is that no matter how many women may be getting college degrees, the university experience is still an unequal one. The second is that our higher education system is not designed to focus on the economic consequences of our students' years on campus.Now that women are the majority of college students and surpass men in both the number of undergraduate and advanced degrees awarded, one might think the college campus is a pretty equal place. It is not. Studies show that while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trail off during their college years. They enroll in different kinds of classes, tend to major in less rigorous (非常严格的) subjects, and generally head off with less ambitious plans.As a result, it's not surprising that even the best educated young women enter the workplace with a slight disadvantage. Their college experience leaves them somewhat confused, still stumbling (栽倒) over the dilemmas their grandmothers' generation sought to destroy. Are they supposed to be pretty or smart? Strong or sexy (性感的) All their lives, today's young women have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion-to pursue science and sports, math and theater-and do it all as well as they possibly can. No wonder they are not negotiating for higher salaries as soon as they get out of school. They are too exhausted, and too scared of failing.58. What does the author say about today's college experience?( )
- *&^For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies--and other creatures--learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives"（欲望）as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switch on" a display of lights--and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble（发出咯咯声）" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. 7.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby（ ）.
- )@Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Heading leadership literature, you'd sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader.I don't believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who are sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities.Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to (追求) leadership in the first place.We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders.Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine (神圣的) right, to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can't be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you aren't working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher.True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isn't their only tool. In fact, it isn't even their primary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know it's vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important.If you're too concerned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outcomes, then you aren't leading at all, you're dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals.65. What is the author's advice to leaders?（ ）
- - ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.There are more than forty universities in Britain--nearly twice as many as in 1960s. During the 1960s eight completely new ones mere founded, and ten other new ones were created 1 converting old colleges of technologies into universities. In the same period the 2 of students more than doubled, from 70,000 to 3 than 200,000. By 1973 about 10% of men aged from eighteen 4 twenty-one were in universities and about 5% of women.All the universities are private institutions. Each has its 5 governing councils, 6 some local businessmen and local politicians as 7 a few academics (大学教师). The state began to give grants to them fifty years 8 , and by 1970 each university derived nearly all its 9 from state grants. Students have to 10 fees and living costs, but every student may receive from the local authority of the place 11 he lives a personal grant which is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and 12 unless his parents are 13 . Most 14 take jobs in the summer 15 about six weeks, but they do not normally do outside 16 during the academic year. The Department of Education takes 17 for the payments which cover the whole expenditure(费用) of the 18 , but it does not exercise direct control. It can have an important influence 19 new developments through its power to distribute funds, but it takes the advice of the University Grants Committee, a body which is mainly 20 of academics.4.（ ）
- +Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．4.（ ）
- 《》Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．1.（ ）
- +The French word “renaissance” means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules Michelet in his History of France, and then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of this period wanted to restore the learning and ideals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human. Fulfillment in life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period---how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed and experienced. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music--- although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half---though at different rates in different countries---that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.4. According to the passage, why was Bemaradino Cirillo disappointedwith the music of his time?（ ）
- (&$#PassageQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In years to come our current era may be remembered as The Epoch of Apple. The sleek (光滑的), minimal design on their gadgets (小机械产品) has proved a huge hit with young professionals everywhere in Britain. In May Apple released the iPad in the UK. This is a tablet computer that attempts to combine the computing power of a laptop with the portability and usability of a smartphone. Some critics have called it a compromise, but that didn’t stop Apple selling 300,000 units on the first day of trading in the US. Now Apple has launched a new version of their successful iPhone. The new handset contains a front-facing camera for video conferencing and a gyroscope (陀螺仪) to allow users to play games by waving the device about. The first quarter of 2010 proved to be the most successful yet for the iPhone, showing that Apple will not become a victim to a tougher economic climate. Indeed, two weeks ago Apple’s market value overtook that of its arch-rival, Microsoft, for the first time since 1989. In 2000, Microsoft was worth ￡382 billion while Apple was worth just ￡11 billion. Now both companies are worth around ￡150 billion. Many link Apple’s rise to the guile (诡计) and foresight of its CEO, Steve Jobs. Jobs was forced out of the company in the 1980s but he was brought back a decade later to reverse its fortunes. It is a sign of the importance of Jobs to the company that when his health took a turn for the worse last year, Apple’s share prices fluctuated. Now Steve Jobs is fighting fit again but even he is not immune to frustrating computer problems. At the launch of the iPhone 4, he appeared in his trademark blue jeans and black turtleneck. When he tried to get the new gizmo (小玩意儿) to access the internet a notice appeared on the screen: “Cannot open page. Safari cannot open the page because it is not connected to the Internet”.29. According to the passage, what do you know about Steve Jobs? ( )
- …Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．3.（ ）
- 】For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. In (1) -- a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend (2) -- can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (3) -- readers. Most of us develop poor reading (4) -- at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (5) -- in the actual stuff of language itself-words. Taken individually, words have (6) -- meaning until they are strung together into phrased, sentences and paragraphs. (7) --, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to (8) – words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over (9) -- you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which (10) -- down the speed of reading is vocalization - sounding each word either orally or mentally as (11) -- reads. To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (12), which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate (13) -- the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch”him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (14) -- word-by-word reading, regression and sub-vocalization, practically impossible. At first (15) -- is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, (16) -- your comprehension will improve. Many people have found (17) -- reading skill drastically improved after some training. (18) -- Charley Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 172 words a minute (19) -- the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can (20) -- a lot more reading material in a short period of time.1.（ ）
- ^Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.The author take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat, corn and soybeans. They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s. There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous (人口多的）countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse. Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soybeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.” The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued. Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (返回) to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.5、 How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture Organization?（ ）
- *Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．17.（ ）
- The French word “renaissance” means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules Michelet in his , and then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of this period wanted to restore the learning and ideals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human. Fulfillment in life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period---how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed and experienced. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music--- although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half---though at different rates in different countries---that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.3. It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of Renaissance wereseeking a rebirth of______________.（ ）
- -Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.The author take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat, corn and soybeans. They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s. There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous (人口多的）countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse. Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soybeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.” The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued. Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (返回) to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.。%1、 What does the new study by the two universities say about recent crop improvement efforts?（ ）
- [Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．18.（ ）
- &^$#PassageQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. International airlines have rediscovered the business travelers, the man or woman who regularly jets from country to country as part of the job. This does not necessarily mean that airlines ever abandoned their business travelers. Indeed, companies like Lufthansa and Swissair would rightly argue that they have always catered best for the executive class passengers. But many lines could be accused of concentrating too heavily in the recent past on attracting passengers by volume, often at the expense of regular travelers. Too often, they have seemed geared for quantity rather than quality. Operating a major airline in the 1980s is essentially a matter of finding the right mix of passengers. The airlines need to fill up the back end of their wide-bodied jets with low fare passengers, without forgetting that the front end should be filled with people who pay substantially more for their tickets. It is no coincidence that the two major airline bankruptcies in 1982 were among the companies specializing in cheap flights. But low fares require consistently full aircraft to make flights economically feasible, and in the recent recession the volume of traffic has not grown. Equally the large number of airlines jostling (争夺) for the available passengers has created a huge excess of capacity. The net result of excess capacity and cut-throat competition driving down fares has been to push some airlines into collapse and leave many others hovering on the brink. Against this grim background, it is no surprise that airlines are turning increasingly towards the business travelers to improve their rates of return. They have invested much time and effort to establish exactly what the executive demands for sitting apart from the tourists. High on the list of priorities is punctuality; an executive’s time is money. In-flight service is another area where the airlines are jostling for the executive’s attention. The free drinks and headsets and better food are all part of the lure.23. From the passage we can infer that . （ ）
- ^%#@PassageQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In years to come our current era may be remembered as The Epoch of Apple. The sleek (光滑的), minimal design on their gadgets (小机械产品) has proved a huge hit with young professionals everywhere in Britain. In May Apple released the iPad in the UK. This is a tablet computer that attempts to combine the computing power of a laptop with the portability and usability of a smartphone. Some critics have called it a compromise, but that didn’t stop Apple selling 300,000 units on the first day of trading in the US. Now Apple has launched a new version of their successful iPhone. The new handset contains a front-facing camera for video conferencing and a gyroscope (陀螺仪) to allow users to play games by waving the device about. The first quarter of 2010 proved to be the most successful yet for the iPhone, showing that Apple will not become a victim to a tougher economic climate. Indeed, two weeks ago Apple’s market value overtook that of its arch-rival, Microsoft, for the first time since 1989. In 2000, Microsoft was worth ￡382 billion while Apple was worth just ￡11 billion. Now both companies are worth around ￡150 billion. Many link Apple’s rise to the guile (诡计) and foresight of its CEO, Steve Jobs. Jobs was forced out of the company in the 1980s but he was brought back a decade later to reverse its fortunes. It is a sign of the importance of Jobs to the company that when his health took a turn for the worse last year, Apple’s share prices fluctuated. Now Steve Jobs is fighting fit again but even he is not immune to frustrating computer problems. At the launch of the iPhone 4, he appeared in his trademark blue jeans and black turtleneck. When he tried to get the new gizmo (小玩意儿) to access the internet a notice appeared on the screen: “Cannot open page. Safari cannot open the page because it is not connected to the Internet”.27. What CANNOT be inferred from the article? ( )
- .Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．20.（ ）
- (Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.The author take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat, corn and soybeans. They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s. There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous (人口多的）countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse. Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soybeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.” The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued. Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (返回) to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.4、 What does the Food and Agriculture Organization say about world food production in the coming decades?（ ）
- ——Today the car is the most popular sort of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 1 the horse as a 2 of everyday transportation．Americans use their cars for 3 90％ of all 4 business. Most Americans are able to 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was 20, 050 in 1950, 25, 470 in 1960 and up to 30, 750 7 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 1975 10 than the price of cars. For this reason 11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today．In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings, by 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years. The 18 of automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money keeping their cars 20 than on any other item．13.（ ）
- ~~If women are mercilessly（无情地）exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, the designers and the big stores always take them advantage of. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe （衣柜） packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in highheeled shoes. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.1.Designers and big stores always make money（ ）.
- ！For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. In (1) -- a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend (2) -- can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (3) -- readers. Most of us develop poor reading (4) -- at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (5) -- in the actual stuff of language itself-words. Taken individually, words have (6) -- meaning until they are strung together into phrased, sentences and paragraphs. (7) --, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to (8) – words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over (9) -- you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which (10) -- down the speed of reading is vocalization - sounding each word either orally or mentally as (11) -- reads. To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (12), which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate (13) -- the reader finds comfortable, in order to “stretch”him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (14) -- word-by-word reading, regression and sub-vocalization, practically impossible. At first (15) -- is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, (16) -- your comprehension will improve. Many people have found (17) -- reading skill drastically improved after some training. (18) -- Charley Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 172 words a minute (19) -- the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can (20) -- a lot more reading material in a short period of time.18、（ ）
- *$#There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.The intermediate goals build on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed. And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.3.When we complete each step of our goals ,( )
- \ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.There are more than forty universities in Britain--nearly twice as many as in 1960s. During the 1960s eight completely new ones mere founded, and ten other new ones were created 1 converting old colleges of technologies into universities. In the same period the 2 of students more than doubled, from 70,000 to 3 than 200,000. By 1973 about 10% of men aged from eighteen 4 twenty-one were in universities and about 5% of women.All the universities are private institutions. Each has its 5 governing councils, 6 some local businessmen and local politicians as 7 a few academics (大学教师). The state began to give grants to them fifty years 8 , and by 1970 each university derived nearly all its 9 from state grants. Students have to 10 fees and living costs, but every student may receive from the local authority of the place 11 he lives a personal grant which is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and 12 unless his parents are 13 . Most 14 take jobs in the summer 15 about six weeks, but they do not normally do outside 16 during the academic year. The Department of Education takes 17 for the payments which cover the whole expenditure(费用) of the 18 , but it does not exercise direct control. It can have an important influence 19 new developments through its power to distribute funds, but it takes the advice of the University Grants Committee, a body which is mainly 20 of academics.14. （ ）
- &^%Our quarrel with efficiency is not that it gets things done, but that it is a thief of time when it leaves us no leisure to enjoy ourselves, and that it strains our nerves when we try to get things done perfectly. In building bridges, American engineers calculate so finely and exactly as to make the two ends come together within one-tenth of an inch. But when two Chinese begin to dig a tunnel from both sides of a mountain both come out on the other side. --The Chinese’s firm belief is that it doesn’t matter so long as a tunnel is dug through, and if we have two instead of one, why, we have a double track to boot.The pace of modern industrial life forbids this kind of glorious and magnificent idling. But, worse than that, it imposes upon us a different conception of time as measured by the clock and eventually turns the human being into a clock himself. (This sort of thing is bound to come to China, as is evident, for instance, in the case of a factory of twenty thousand worker. The luxurious prospect of twenty thousand workers coming in at their own sweet pleasure at all hours is, of course, somewhat terrifying.)Nevertheless, such efficiency is what makes life so hard and full of excitement. A man who has to be punctually at a certain place at five o’clock has the whole afternoon from one to five ruined for him already. Every American adult is arranging his time on the pattern of the schoolboy - three o’clock for this, five o’clock for that, six-thirty for change of dress, six-fifty for entering the taxi, and seven o’clock for arriving at the destination. It just makes life not worth living.2. In the eyes of the author, the introduction of industrial life gives rise to ____.（ ）
- ！ ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.There are more than forty universities in Britain--nearly twice as many as in 1960s. During the 1960s eight completely new ones mere founded, and ten other new ones were created 1 converting old colleges of technologies into universities. In the same period the 2 of students more than doubled, from 70,000 to 3 than 200,000. By 1973 about 10% of men aged from eighteen 4 twenty-one were in universities and about 5% of women.All the universities are private institutions. Each has its 5 governing councils, 6 some local businessmen and local politicians as 7 a few academics (大学教师). The state began to give grants to them fifty years 8 , and by 1970 each university derived nearly all its 9 from state grants. Students have to 10 fees and living costs, but every student may receive from the local authority of the place 11 he lives a personal grant which is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and 12 unless his parents are 13 . Most 14 take jobs in the summer 15 about six weeks, but they do not normally do outside 16 during the academic year. The Department of Education takes 17 for the payments which cover the whole expenditure(费用) of the 18 , but it does not exercise direct control. It can have an important influence 19 new developments through its power to distribute funds, but it takes the advice of the University Grants Committee, a body which is mainly 20 of academics.20.（ ）
- (*#@Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: For some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies--and other creatures--learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives"（欲望）as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switch on" a display of lights--and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble（发出咯咯声）" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
- $#@3.PassageQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In years to come our current era may be remembered as The Epoch of Apple. The sleek (光滑的), minimal design on their gadgets (小机械产品) has proved a huge hit with young professionals everywhere in Britain. In May Apple released the iPad in the UK. This is a tablet computer that attempts to combine the computing power of a laptop with the portability and usability of a smartphone. Some critics have called it a compromise, but that didn’t stop Apple selling 300,000 units on the first day of trading in the US. Now Apple has launched a new version of their successful iPhone. The new handset contains a front-facing camera for video conferencing and a gyroscope (陀螺仪) to allow users to play games by waving the device about. The first quarter of 2010 proved to be the most successful yet for the iPhone, showing that Apple will not become a victim to a tougher economic climate. Indeed, two weeks ago Apple’s market value overtook that of its arch-rival, Microsoft, for the first time since 1989. In 2000, Microsoft was worth ￡382 billion while Apple was worth just ￡11 billion. Now both companies are worth around ￡150 billion. Many link Apple’s rise to the guile (诡计) and foresight of its CEO, Steve Jobs. Jobs was forced out of the company in the 1980s but he was brought back a decade later to reverse its fortunes. It is a sign of the importance of Jobs to the company that when his health took a turn for the worse last year, Apple’s share prices fluctuated. Now Steve Jobs is fighting fit again but even he is not immune to frustrating computer problems. At the launch of the iPhone 4, he appeared in his trademark blue jeans and black turtleneck. When he tried to get the new gizmo (小玩意儿) to access the internet a notice appeared on the screen: “Cannot open page. Safari cannot open the page because it is not connected to the Internet”.
答案:sticks to them in their daily life
A:increased production
B:great confusion
C:successful completion of a tunnel
D:a hard and exciting life
答案:great confusion
A:an expression of taste
B:an expression of creativity
C:a waste of time
D:a waste of money
答案:a waste of time
A:the excitement of life
B:terrifying schoolboy
C:more emphasis on efficiency
D:magnificent idling of time
答案:more emphasis on efficiency
A:religious themes in art that would accompany the traditional
secular(世俗的) themes.
B:a cultural emphasis on human values
C:spirituality in everyday life
D:communication among artists across Europe.
答案:a cultural emphasis on human values
A:Logically B:In fact C:Fortunately D:Unfortunately
答案:one
A:every one should have some time to spend as he pleases
B:being punctual is an undesirable habit which should not be formed
C:every American is arranging his time in the pattern of a schoolboy
D:every American is reluctant to be efficient
答案:every one should have some time to spend as he pleases
A:Few of them are equal to their positions.
B:Few of them are familiar with leadership literature.
C:Many of them fail to fully develop their potential.
D:Many of them are used to taking charge.
答案:Being able to assess the situation carefully before taking charge.
A:argued about
B:forgotten about
C:given up
D:disapproved of
答案:disapproved of
A:charge-free food
B:punctuality
C:free drinks
D:sound system
A:have the lights turned on
B:be praised
C:please their parents
D:be rewarded with milk
A:Recently
B:quickly
C:regularly
D:rapidly
A:Women are not good at negotiating salaries.
B:Women are too worn out to be ambitious.
C:Women are not ready to take management roles.
D:Women are caught between career and family.
A:It did not contain enough religious themes.
B:It had little emotional impact on audiences.
C:It was too dependent on the art and literature of his time.
D:It was not complex enough to appeal to musicians.
A:equal
B:faster
C:less
D:slower
A:It is not so satisfying to many American students.
B:It is more exhausting than most women expect.
C:It is different for male and female students.
D:It is not the same as that of earlier generations.
A:would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
B:would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
C:would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D:would make learned responses when it saw the milk
A:Use different tools to achieve different, goals.
B:Build up a strong team to achieve their goals.
C:Show determination when faced with tough tasks.
D:Concentrate on one specific task at a time.
A:from
B:to.
C:beyond
D:with
A:personnel
B:Artificial
C:manual
D:personal
A:reproduced
B:ridiculed
C:replaced
D:denied
A:It did not contain enough religious themes.
B:It was too dependent on the art and literature of his time.
C:It had little emotional impact on audiences.
D:It was not complex enough to appeal to musicians.
A:His health has nothing to do with the Apple’s share price.
B:He has been working for Apple since 1980s.
C:He likes to wear blue jeans and black turtleneck when he appears in public.
D:As a CEO of Apple, he can solve all the problems of computer.
A:hardly
B:certainly
C:somehow
D:nearly
A:offering B:getting
C:doing D:applying
A:It is open to further discussion.
B:It is based on a doubtful assumption.
C:It is backed by strong evidence.
D:It is built on the findings of a new study.
A:superior
B:fastest
C:famous
D:better
A:religious themes in art that would accompany the traditionalsecular(世俗的) themes.
B:a cultural emphasis on human values
C:spirituality in everyday life
D:communication among artists across Europe.
A:They play a major role in guaranteeing the food security of the world.
B:They fail to produce the same remarkable results as before the 1980s.
C:They contribute a lot to the improvement of human food production.
D:They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.
A:notice
B:influence
C:running
D:affect
A:business travelers dislike tourists
B:only by specializing in cheap flights can airlines avoid bankruptcy
C:it is more comfortable to sit in the back of jet planes
D:a successful airline in the 1980s meets the needs not only of the masses but also of the wealthy passengers
A:The newly released iPhone is very user-friendly for computer game players.
B:The new product iPad is popular in the American market.
C:Apple will withstand and survive the current recession.
D:The Products of Apple are designed for young professionals.
A:living
B:changing
C:selling
D:running
A:The slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.
B:The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.
C:The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.
D:The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.
A:clearly
B:Suddenly
C:proportionally
D:percentage
A:by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B:because they attach great importance to quality in women's clothing
C:by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D:because they are capable of predicting new fashions
A:Consider
B:Take C:Make D:Look at
A:we will win final success
B:we should build up confidence of success
C:we are overwhelmed
D:we should strong desire for setting new goals
A:students
B:businessmen
C:professor
D:politicians
A:magnificent idling of time
B:terrifying schoolboy
C:more emphasis on efficiency
D:the excitement of life
A:consisted
B:composed
C:taken
D:made
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