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英语语言学概论
- According to the way synonyms differ, “metro” and “subway” are（ ）.
- The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （ ）.
- Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called（ ）.
- The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the （ ）of that phoneme.
- According to the conversation maxim of（ ）suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.
- In the process of word recognition, the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. This model is termed as（ ）.
- The sound /f/ is（ ）.
- （ ）is an indispensable part in an English syllable?
Tulip is the（ ）of flower.
- Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of conversational implicature?（ ）
- （ ）can be used to differentiate a phrase from a compound in English.
- （ ）put forward a theory suggesting that our language helps mold our way of thinking.
- Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be（ ）.
- Sentence“He is made of iron” violates the maxim of（ ）according to the cooperative principle.
- So far as sonority scale is concerned, which of the following is most sonorous? （ ）
The word COVID is a(n)（ ）.
“Thank you” is a(n)（ ）sentence.
- Of all the speech organs, the（ ）is/are the most flexible.
Covidiot is coined by means of（ ）.
- Saussure took a (n) （）view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a（）point of view. （ ）
The act of producing “Morning” is called（ ）.
- The distinction between English vowels and consonants lies in the（ ）.
- The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through（ ） , rather than by instinct.
- Bigger and smaller are（ ）.
- If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it
becomes（ ）. - Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of “reference”.（ ）
- Subordinate level often have clearly identifiable gestalts and lots of individual specific features.（ ）
Blending is a process of combining parts of two lexemes which themselves are not morphemes.（ ）
- Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with sentences.（ ）
- The two words “before” and “after” belong to complementary antonymy.（ ）
- Psychological subject means identifies who or what a sentence is about.
- Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and experiencing meaning through language.（ ）
- All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses.（ ）
In sentence He teaches her English, English is the possessive case.
- It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.（ ）
Diacritics are normally used for broad transcription.
- The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.（ ）
- The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（ ）
- Adjectives belong to open class words.（ ）
- Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（ ）
- Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from another language and adds it to its lexicon.（ ）
- The description of the consonant [g] is voiceless palatal stop.（ ）
- According to the weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, there does not exist cross-cultural differences in our way of thinking.（ ）
- Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists.（ ）
- A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.（ ）
- According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speaker’s perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.（ ）
- Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.（ ）
- Image schemas are preconceptual schematic structures emerging from our experiences.（ ）
- All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.（ ）
- Clipping is a process of forming a new word, which involves the shortening of an existing longer word. （ ）
A:stylistic synonyms B:dialectal synonyms C:collocational synonyms D:semantically different synonyms
AI参考:正确答案是D：语义上不同的同义词。Metro和Subway的差别在于语义上，因此是语义上不同的同义词。选项A、B、C都是指词义上的差别，但Metro和Subway的差别不仅在词义上，也涉及到语境和用法上的不同。因此，答案为D。'
A:bound form B:free morpheme C:inflectional morpheme D:bound morpheme
答案:free morpheme
A:semantic features B:phonetic components C:immediate constituents D:suprasegmental features
答案:suprasegmental features
A:phones B:phonemes C:allophones D:sounds
AI参考:正确答案是B：phonemes。题干中提到不同手机在不同的语音环境中可以代表一个音素，因此这些手机被称为音素的代表，即音素。选项A中的“phones”指的是具体的手机，不符合题意；选项C中的“allophones”指的是语音变体，但通常是指同一个音素的多个不同发音，而不是指不同手机代表一个音素；选项D中的“sounds”指的是声音，也不符合题意。因此，正确答案是B。'
A:manner B:relevance C:quality D:quantity
答案:Leed's tuition for international students.AI参考:根据格赖斯提出的会话准则中的真实准则，人们应该讲真话。因此，正确答案是B：相关性（Relevance）。'
A:race model B:serial model C:parallel model D:cohort model
答案:NarrowingAI参考:答案为D：cohort model本题为文字题，不涉及分析过程，只需要给出正确选项，因此本题是记忆性试题。根据题目中的描述，识别的第一个音素会激活一组符合输入的词候选人，这些候选人彼此竞争激活。根据对认知心理学相关内容的记忆，这种现象通常被称为cohort model。因此，本题的答案是D：cohort model。'
A:voiceless labiodental fricative B:voiced palatal affricate C:voiced alveolar stop D:voiceless velar fricative
答案:palatal affricate
A:Vowel B:Nucleus C:Onset D:Coda
A: hyponym B:synonym C:superordiante D:antonym
A:Conventionality B:Non-detachability C:Calculability D:Cancellability
AI参考:正确答案是B：Non-detachability。会话含意不是不可分离的特性，会话含意是可以被人们有意识地表达出来的，它是一种听话人能够通过推断而理解的一种意义，而不是一种无法分离的意义。其他选项中，A选项conventionality（常规性）、C选项calculability（可计算性）和D选项cancellability（可取消性）都属于会话含意的特征。因此，选择B。'
A:Assimilation B:Stress C:Intonation D:Tone
AI参考:正确答案是C:Intonation。语音学中的语调指的是一句话的高低变化，可以通过语调来区分英语中的短语和复合词。例如，在英语中，“this is”和“this-is”这两个短语可以用语调来区分。而其他选项如重音、音调、语速等，不能区分短语和复合词。因此，C选项的语调可以用来区分英语中的短语和复合词。'
A:Halliday B:Wilson C:Chomsky D:Sapir-Whorf
AI参考:正确答案是D:Sapir-Whorf。Sapir-Whorf提出了一个理论，认为我们的语言塑造了我们的思维方式。因此，答案为D。Halliday，Wilson和Chomsky都是语言学家，但他们的理论并没有明确提出语言塑造思维方式的概念。'
A:in complementary distribution B:in phonemic contrast C:minimal pair D:the allophones
AI参考:正确答案是B:in phonemic contrast。/p/和/b/在语音上相似，存在于相同的环境中，且它们能够区分意义，所以被描述为音位对立。选项A、C、D分别代表互补分布、最小对和音位变体，都符合描述但并非正确答案。因此，选项B“音位对立”是正确答案。'
A:Quantity B:Manner C:Relation D:Quality
AI参考:正确答案是C: Relation。这句话的意思是“他是个硬汉”，这句话违反了会话的合作原则中的关系准则，即说话要相关，在讨论一个话题时要避免答非所问或偏离主题。在这个句子中，“铁”与“硬汉”之间没有直接关系，因此违反了关系准则。因此，选项C是正确答案。其他选项与这句话的含义和违反的合作原则不符。'
A:fricative B:Nasal C:stop D:vowel
AI参考:通过对四个选项的分析，可以得出正确答案是C：stop。在语音学中，辅音（如C选项中的stop）通常具有更高的响度或音强，而元音（如D选项中的vowel）通常具有更柔和的音色。因此，在声学响度尺度方面，辅音通常比元音更具“响亮”感。所以，根据这个原则，可以得出选项C是声音最响亮的一个。而选项A（摩擦音）、B（鼻音）和D（元音）则不具备这种特性。'
A:initialism B:blend C:acronym D:clipping
AI参考:正确选项是C:acronym。COVID是一个首字母缩略词（acronym），由Corona和Virus这两个词的首字母组成，用来表示新型冠状病毒（Coronavirus Disease 2019，COVID-19）。因此，正确答案为C。其他选项initialism、blend、clipping与该单词的关系不够明显或与此问题无关。'
A:interrogative B:constative C:negative D:performative
AI参考:正确选项是B:constative sentence。“Thank you”是一个陈述句，表示感谢，没有疑问或否定意义，属于constative sentence（陈述句）类型。interrogative sentence（疑问句）通常用于提问问题，negative sentence（否定句）表示否定意义，performative sentence（指令句）通常用于表达某种行为或命令。'
A:lips B:mouth C:vocal cords D:tongue
AI参考:正确答案是D：舌头。舌头是所有言语器官中最灵活的，可以发出各种不同的音素和音节。其他选项中，嘴唇、嘴巴和声带虽然也是言语器官的一部分，但它们的灵活性相对较低，无法像舌头那样灵活地控制发音。因此，正确答案是D。'
A:derivation B:backformation C:blending D:clipping
A:sociological…psychological B:semantic and linguistic C:applied… pragmatic D:psychological…sociological
A:perlocutionary act B:illocutionary act C:locutionary act D:greeting act
A:openness of mouth B:voicing C:obstruction of airstream D:shape of the mouth
A:books B:teaching C:learning D:both A and B
A:converse antonymy B:synonymy C:Gradable antonymy D:complementary antonymy
A:a unit B:an act C:an utterance D:a sentence
A:错 B:对
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
AI参考:答案是B：错。Stress是一种超音段特征，主要用于单词而不是句子。超音段特征是指语音中的音高、音长、音强等特征。在英语中，单词的重音是超音段特征的一个例子，它通常出现在单词的末尾或关键音节上，而不是句子中的词组或句子结构中。因此，这个说法是错误的。'
A:错 B:对
AI参考:答案是B：对。“before”和“after”是互补反义词，表示时间上的先后顺序。因此，这个判断题是正确的。'
A:错 B:对
AI参考:B. 对。Psychological subject 是指心理主题，用来确定句子所涉及的人或事物。因此，正确答案是B，即“对”。'
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
AI参考:正确答案是B。句子He teaches her English中，English是名词，her是形容词性物主代词，修饰English，表示“她的英语”。因此，这里的English是所有格形式。所以答案是B。'
A:错 B:对
AI参考:正确答案是B：对。句子表达的是标准化的语言形式是正确的语言形式，符合语法和逻辑，因此答案是B。不需要分析或推理。'
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
AI参考:答案是B：错。形容词属于封闭类词。形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质、特征或状态的词，通常属于封闭类词，即它们的使用范围有限，不能自由变化。而开放类词是指那些可以自由变化，表示新的意义和功能的词，如动词、介词等。因此，形容词不属于开放类词。'
A:错 B:对
A:错 B:对
AI参考:正确答案是B，对。Borrowing是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用词汇或语素并将其纳入其词汇库的现象。因此，当一个语言从另一个语言中借用一个单词或词素并将其添加到其词汇库中时，就会发生借用。所以这个判断题是正确的。'
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
A:错 B:对
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
A:对 B:错
AI参考:答案是B：错。Clipping is a process of forming a new word, which involves the shortening of an existing word. This does not involve the creation of a new word by combining two or more existing words. Clipping is usually done to abbreviate a word or phrase, such as "Internet" becoming "net" or "website" becoming "web." Therefore, the process of clipping does not involve the creation of a new word by shortening an existing longer word. 剪切是一个形成新词的过程，涉及将现有较长单词缩短。这并不涉及通过组合两个或更多现有单词来创建新词。剪切通常是为了缩短单词或短语，例如“Internet”变成“net”或“website”变成“web”。因此，剪切的过程不涉及通过缩短现有较长单词来创建新词。'
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