英语语言学（山东大学（威海））第二章测试_智慧树知到答案2021年

第二章 Phonology：Language is first perceived through its sounds. This chapter discusses the differences between phonetics and phonology, how speech sounds are produced and transcribed, the classifications of English vowels and consonants, the notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related, some phonological rules, and also suprasegmental features in a language.2.1Phonetics:Section 1 is further divided into five sub-sections:2.1.1 “What is Phonetics”: The study of the phonic medium of language is called phonetics.2.1.2 “Organs of Speech”: The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.2.1.3 “Broad and Narrow Transcriptions”: The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription, and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.2.1.4 “English Consonants”: English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. The two classifications are combined to describe or identify an English consonant. 2.1.5 “English Vowels”: English vowels are differentiated by a number of factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
2.2Phonology:Section 2 is further divided into five sub-sections:2.2.1 “Phone, Phonemes and Allophones”: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment which does not necessarily distinguish meaning. A phoneme, consisting of a set of distinctive features, is a phonological unit which is capable of distinguishing meaning. Allophones are the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.2.2.2 “Phonetic Contrast, Complementary Distribution and Minimal Pair”: Phonetically similar but distinctive phonemes form a phonemic contrast. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. Two different forms which are identical in every way except for one sound segment form a minimal pair. 2.2.3 “Phonological Rules”: The combination of sounds in a particular language is governed by sequential rules, assimilation rule, deletion rule, etc. 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 “Suprasegmental Features”: The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone.

[多选题]What kind of sounds can we make, when the vocal cords are vibrating?
Glottal stop
Voiced consonants
Voiceless consonants
Vowels
答案：Voiced consonants
Vowels
[单选题]Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation? 
[f] 
[w]
[v] 
[z]
答案：[w]
[单选题]Which of the following CANNOT be considered as a minimal pair? 
but-cut
but-put 
but-bat 
but-bus 
答案：but-put
[单选题]The sound /z/ can be described with “voiced, ________, alveolar”. 
affricate 
fricative 
labiodental 
palatal
答案：fricative
[多选题]In English, if three consonants cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination could be the following EXCEPT ________.
[spr]  
[spl] 
[skw] 
[stj] 
[sks]
答案：[stj]
[sks]
[判断题]A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.
错
对
答案：对
[判断题]The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme.
错
对
答案：×
[判断题]Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades. 
错
对
答案：错
[判断题]The initial sound of “peak” is aspirated while the second sound of “speak” is unaspirated. They are allophones.
错
对
答案：对
[判断题]Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.
对
错
答案：错