第六章 Pragmatics：Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.6.1Some Basic Notions about Pragmatics:The part introduces some basic notions of pragmatics, the differences between pragmatics and semantics, context, sentence meaning and utterance meaning.[判断题]All the acts that belong to the same category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force.
6.2Speech Act Theory:This section introduces Speech Act Theory which originated with the British philosopher Austin in the late 1950’s. According to his model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in illocutionary act because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.
6.3Searle:This part introduces the classification of illocutionary acts made by the American philosopher-linguist John Searle. Speech acts fall into five general categories. Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point, but differ in their strength.
6.4Principle of Conversation:This section introduces the Cooperative Principle proposed by the British philosopher and logician Paul Grice. In making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. There are four maxims under this general principle. Only when they are “flouted” does “conversational implicature” occur.
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对
答案：错
[判断题]Conversation participants almost always observe the CP and the maxims of the CP.
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对[判断题]A sentence is grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication
对
错[判断题]Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context.
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对[单选题]All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their ________ form.
pragmatic
semantic
syntactic
grammatical [单选题]The Cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.
John Lyons
John Austin
Paul Grice
John Searle [多选题]The maxim of quantity requires: ________.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Do not make contribution more informative than is required.
Do not say something that is not relevant.
Make your contribution as informative as required.[单选题]Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ________.
utterance meaning
speech act theory
conversational implicatures
all of the options[单选题]The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ________ is literally said.
more than
the same as
less than
none of the options
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